Immunosuppressive therapy: Difference between revisions

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! Medications
! Medications
! Target
! Target
!Type
! Specific Risks
! Specific Risks
|-
|-
| [[Eculizumab]]
| [[Eculizumab]]
| C5 complement
| C5 complement
|
| Meningococcus (very high risk), needs MCV4 + MenB + pen prophylaxis
| [[meningococcus]] (very high risk; needs MCV4 + MenB + pen prophylaxis)
|-
|-
| [[Rituximab]]
| [[Rituximab]]
| CD20
| Anti-CD20 antibody, on B cells
|
| Long-term B cell depletion
|specific risk of [[PML]] and [[HBV]]; serious bacterial infections, PML, parvovirus, CMV, HSV, and disseminated VZV infections, HBV and HCV reactivation
|-
|-
|[[Ocrelizumab]]
|[[Ocrelizumab]]
|Anti-CD20 antibody
|CD20
|
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Natalizumab]]
| [[Natalizumab]]
| α4-integrin, on all leukocytes except neutrophils
| α4-integrin
|humanized IgG4
| JC virus
| specific risk of [[PML]]; herpesvirus infections, influenza, Cryptosporidium diarrhea, bacterial pneumonias and UTIs, PCP, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection, Aspergillus and Burkholderia cepacia infections
|-
|-
| [[Ibrutinib]]
| [[Ibrutinib]]
| Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), on B cells
| Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), on B cells
|
| Invasive aspergillosis and other fungal infections
| Invasive aspergillosis and other fungal infections
|-
|-
|Steroids
|Steroids
|
|
|
|
|
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|[[Cyclosphosphamide]]
|[[Cyclosphosphamide]]
|Antimetabolite
|Antimetabolite
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Leflunomide]]
|[[Leflunomide]]
|Antimetabolite
|Antimetabolite
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Methotrexate]]
|[[Methotrexate]]
|Antimetabolite
|Antimetabolite
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Azathioprine]]
|[[Azathioprine]]
|Antimetabolite
|Antimetabolite
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[6-mercaptopurine]]
|[[6-mercaptopurine]]
|Antimetabolite
|Antimetabolite
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Mycophenolic acid]]
|[[Mycophenolic acid]]
|Antimetabolite
|Antimetabolite
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Mycophenolate mofetil]]
|[[Mycophenolate mofetil]]
|Antimetabolite
|Antimetabolite
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Tacrolimus]]
|[[Tacrolimus]]
|Calcineurin inhibitor
|Calcineurin inhibitor
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Cyclosporine]]
|[[Cyclosporine]]
|Calcineurin inhibitor
|Calcineurin inhibitor
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Sirolimus]]
|[[Sirolimus]]
|Calcineurin inhibitor
|Calcineurin inhibitor
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Baricitinib]]
|[[Baricitinib]]
|JAK inhibitor
|JAK inhibitor
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Tofacitinib]]
|[[Tofacitinib]]
|JAK inhibitor
|JAK inhibitor
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Upadacitinib]]
|[[Upadacitinib]]
|JAK inhibitor
|JAK inhibitor
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Adalimumab]]
|[[Adalimumab]]
|Anti-TNF antibody
|TNF-α
|human IgG1
|
|serious pulmonary bacterial infections, TB, candidiasis, CMV infection, toxoplasmosis, and nocardiosis
|-
|[[Certolizumab pegol]]
|TNF-α
|humanized Fab' fragment
|serious pulmonary bacterial infections, TB, viral and fungal infections
|-
|-
|[[Golimumab]]
|[[Golimumab]]
|Anti-TNF antibody
|TNF-α
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Certolizumab pegol]]
|[[Certolizumab pegol]]
|Anti-TNF antibody
|TNF-α
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Etanercept]]
|[[Etanercept]]
|Anti-TNF
|TNF-α
|human dimeric fusion protein
|
|serious bacterial infections, TB, infections with MOTT, listeriosis, histoplasmosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, nocardiasis, protozoal and VZV infection
|-
|-
|[[Infliximab]]
|[[Infliximab]]
|Anti-TNF antibody
|TNF-α
|chimeric IgG1
|
|pneumonia, sepsis, TB, infections with MOTT, listeriosis, histoplasmosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, salmonellosis, toxoplasmosis, brucellosis, bartonellosis, leishmaniasis, coccidiomycoses, leprosy, CMV infection, HBV reactivation
|-
|-
|[[Sulfasalazine]]
|[[Sulfasalazine]]
|Anti-inflammatory
|Anti-inflammatory
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[5-aminosalicylic acid]] and [[mesalamine]]
|[[5-aminosalicylic acid]] and [[mesalamine]]
|Anti-inflammatory
|Anti-inflammatory
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Anakinra]]
|[[Anakinra]]
|IL-1
|IL-1 receptor antagonist
|non-glycosylated IL-1 receptor
|
|pneumonia, cellulitis, TB, unspecified mycobacterial and fungal infections
|-
|[[Rilonacept]]
|IL-1
|dimeric fusion protein IL-1 inhibitor
|meningitis, MOTT infection, severe bronchitis
|-
|-
|[[Canakinumab]]
|[[Canakinumab]]
|IL-1
|IL-1 receptor antagonist
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Tocilizumab]]
|[[Tocilizumab]]
|Anti-IL6
|Anti-IL6
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Sarilumab]]
|[[Sarilumab]]
|Anti-IL6
|Anti-IL6
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Ustekinumab]]
|[[Ustekinumab]]
|Anti-IL12/IL23
|Anti-IL12/IL23
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Secukinumab]]
|[[Secukinumab]]
|Anti-IL17
|Anti-IL17
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Ixekizumab]]
|[[Ixekizumab]]
|Anti-IL17
|Anti-IL17
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Brodalumab]]
|[[Brodalumab]]
|Anti-IL17 receptor
|Anti-IL17 receptor
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Belimumab]]
|[[Belimumab]]
|Anti-BLyS
|Anti-BLyS
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Guselkumab]]
|[[Guselkumab]]
|Anti-IL23
|Anti-IL23
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Risankizumab]]
|[[Risankizumab]]
|Anti-IL23
|Anti-IL23
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Abatacept]]
|[[Abatacept]]
|Selective T-cell costimulation blocker
|T-cell costimulation inhibitor
|fusion protein
|
|pneumonia, sepsis, aspergillosis, sinusitis, candidiasis, bronchitis, skin and soft tissue infections, viral infections with HSV and VZV
|-
|-
|[[Fingolimod]]
|[[Fingolimod]]
|Selective T-cell costimulation blocker
|Selective T-cell costimulation blocker
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Siponimod]]
|[[Siponimod]]
|S1PR agonist
|S1PR agonist
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Ozanimod]]
|[[Ozanimod]]
|S1PR agonist
|S1PR agonist
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Apremilast]]
|[[Apremilast]]
|Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
|Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|Anti-integrin
|Anti-integrin
|
|
|
|-
|[[Efalizumab]]
|CD11a
|humanized IgG1
|generally mild; pneumonia, cellulitis, abscess, sepsis, Legionella pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis, TB, PML
|-
|[[Alefacept]]
|T-cell activation
|fusion protein
|cellulitis, abscess, wound infections, toxic shock, pneumonia, appendicitis, cholecystitis, gastroenteritis, MOTT infection, influenza virus, HCV, and herpesvirus infections
|-
|[[Alemtuzumab]]
|CD52
|humanized IgG1
|causes prolonged lymphopenia; overwhelming bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis, CMV, VZV, and HSV infections, PCP, PML, adenovirus infection, acanthamebiasis, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, Fusarium infection, Scedosporium infection, BK virus infection, HHV-6 infection, candidiasis, parvovirus infection, mucormycosis, TB, Balamuthia mandrillaris infection, MOTT infection, BCGosis, Rhodococcus infection, HBV reactivation
|-
|[[90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan|<sup>90</sup>Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan]]
|CD20
|radioconjugated murine IgG1
|pneumonia, sepsis, cellulitis, colitis, diarrhea, empyema, osteomyelitis, pericarditis, viral pneumonia and viral hepatitis
|-
|[[131I-tositumomab|<sup>131</sup>I-tositumomab]]
|CD20
|radioconjugated murine IgG2
|pneumonia, septicemia, bronchitis, skin infections, viral infections
|-
|[[Gemtuzumab ozogamicin]]
|CD33
|humanized IgG4 conjugated to calichaemicin
|causes prolonged neutropenia; sepsis, pneumonia, HSV infection, usual opportunistic infections with neutropenia, unusual pathogens include Staphylococcus hominis, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Rhodococcus, and Pantoea agglomerans
|-
|[[Bevacizumab]]
|VEGF
|humanized IgG1
|severe neutropenia; sepsis, anaerobic liver abscess with Bacteroides fragilis, Fusarium nasal septal infection, endophthalmitis, intraocular injection including Bacillus cereus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus
|-
|[[Cetuximab]]
|ErbB1
|chimeric human-murine IgG1
|[[paronychia]] caused by [[Staphylococcus aureus]], [[abscess]], [[sepsis]]
|-
|[[Panitumumab]]
|ErbB1
|human IgG2
|[[paronychia]], [[abscess]], [[sepsis]]
|-
|[[Trastuzumab]]
|HER2
|human IgG1
|[[febrile neutropenia]]
|-
|[[Basiliximab]]
|CD25
|chimeric human-murine IgG1
|bacterial, CMV, and HSV infections, aspergillosis, nocardiosis, candidiasis, and protozoal infections
|-
|[[Daclizumab]]
|CD25
|humanized IgG1
|nocardiosis, legionellosis, MOTT infection, TB, viral infection with CMV, BK virus, adenovirus, HSV, RSV, or influenza virus, fungal infections with ''Aspergillus'', ''Scedosporium'', ''Cunninghamella'', and ''Candida''
|-
|[[Muromonab]]
|CD3
|murine IgG2
|bacterial infections, including Listeria, Nocardia, and MOTT infections; infections with Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, or dermatophytes; PCP; infections with Toxoplasma gondii, CMV, EBV, HSV, hepatitis viruses, VZV, adenovirus, enterovirus, RSV, and parainfluenza virus
|-
|[[Abciximab]]
|GPIIb/IIIa
|Fab' fragment of chimeric human-murine IgG1
|pneumonia
|-
|[[Omalizumab]]
|IgE
|humanized IgG1
|none
|-
|[[Palivizumab]]
|F protein of [[RSV]]
|humanized IgG1
|[[otitis media]]
|}
|}

== Further Reading ==

* Infectious complications associated with monoclonal antibodies and related small molecules. ''Clin Microbiol Rev''. 2009 Apr;22(2):274-90. doi: [https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00040-08 10.1128/CMR.00040-08]


[[Category:Immunocompromised hosts]]
[[Category:Immunocompromised hosts]]

Revision as of 01:36, 17 March 2022

Screening

Before starting immunosuppressive therapy, consider the following investigations:

  • Tuberculin skin test
  • Strongyloides serology, if from endemic country
  • Hep B and C serology
  • Cytomegalovirus serology
  • HIV serology

Management

  • Latent TB infection: start treatment at least 4 weeks prior to starting the biologic

Specific Medications

Medications Target Type Specific Risks
Eculizumab C5 complement meningococcus (very high risk; needs MCV4 + MenB + pen prophylaxis)
Rituximab CD20 specific risk of PML and HBV; serious bacterial infections, PML, parvovirus, CMV, HSV, and disseminated VZV infections, HBV and HCV reactivation
Ocrelizumab CD20
Natalizumab α4-integrin humanized IgG4 specific risk of PML; herpesvirus infections, influenza, Cryptosporidium diarrhea, bacterial pneumonias and UTIs, PCP, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection, Aspergillus and Burkholderia cepacia infections
Ibrutinib Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), on B cells Invasive aspergillosis and other fungal infections
Steroids
Cyclosphosphamide Antimetabolite
Leflunomide Antimetabolite
Methotrexate Antimetabolite
Azathioprine Antimetabolite
6-mercaptopurine Antimetabolite
Mycophenolic acid Antimetabolite
Mycophenolate mofetil Antimetabolite
Tacrolimus Calcineurin inhibitor
Cyclosporine Calcineurin inhibitor
Sirolimus Calcineurin inhibitor
Baricitinib JAK inhibitor
Tofacitinib JAK inhibitor
Upadacitinib JAK inhibitor
Adalimumab TNF-α human IgG1 serious pulmonary bacterial infections, TB, candidiasis, CMV infection, toxoplasmosis, and nocardiosis
Certolizumab pegol TNF-α humanized Fab' fragment serious pulmonary bacterial infections, TB, viral and fungal infections
Golimumab TNF-α
Certolizumab pegol TNF-α
Etanercept TNF-α human dimeric fusion protein serious bacterial infections, TB, infections with MOTT, listeriosis, histoplasmosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, nocardiasis, protozoal and VZV infection
Infliximab TNF-α chimeric IgG1 pneumonia, sepsis, TB, infections with MOTT, listeriosis, histoplasmosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, salmonellosis, toxoplasmosis, brucellosis, bartonellosis, leishmaniasis, coccidiomycoses, leprosy, CMV infection, HBV reactivation
Sulfasalazine Anti-inflammatory
5-aminosalicylic acid and mesalamine Anti-inflammatory
Anakinra IL-1 non-glycosylated IL-1 receptor pneumonia, cellulitis, TB, unspecified mycobacterial and fungal infections
Rilonacept IL-1 dimeric fusion protein IL-1 inhibitor meningitis, MOTT infection, severe bronchitis
Canakinumab IL-1
Tocilizumab Anti-IL6
Sarilumab Anti-IL6
Ustekinumab Anti-IL12/IL23
Secukinumab Anti-IL17
Ixekizumab Anti-IL17
Brodalumab Anti-IL17 receptor
Belimumab Anti-BLyS
Guselkumab Anti-IL23
Risankizumab Anti-IL23
Abatacept T-cell costimulation inhibitor fusion protein pneumonia, sepsis, aspergillosis, sinusitis, candidiasis, bronchitis, skin and soft tissue infections, viral infections with HSV and VZV
Fingolimod Selective T-cell costimulation blocker
Siponimod S1PR agonist
Ozanimod S1PR agonist
Apremilast Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
Vedolizumab Anti-integrin
Efalizumab CD11a humanized IgG1 generally mild; pneumonia, cellulitis, abscess, sepsis, Legionella pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis, TB, PML
Alefacept T-cell activation fusion protein cellulitis, abscess, wound infections, toxic shock, pneumonia, appendicitis, cholecystitis, gastroenteritis, MOTT infection, influenza virus, HCV, and herpesvirus infections
Alemtuzumab CD52 humanized IgG1 causes prolonged lymphopenia; overwhelming bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis, CMV, VZV, and HSV infections, PCP, PML, adenovirus infection, acanthamebiasis, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, Fusarium infection, Scedosporium infection, BK virus infection, HHV-6 infection, candidiasis, parvovirus infection, mucormycosis, TB, Balamuthia mandrillaris infection, MOTT infection, BCGosis, Rhodococcus infection, HBV reactivation
90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan CD20 radioconjugated murine IgG1 pneumonia, sepsis, cellulitis, colitis, diarrhea, empyema, osteomyelitis, pericarditis, viral pneumonia and viral hepatitis
131I-tositumomab CD20 radioconjugated murine IgG2 pneumonia, septicemia, bronchitis, skin infections, viral infections
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin CD33 humanized IgG4 conjugated to calichaemicin causes prolonged neutropenia; sepsis, pneumonia, HSV infection, usual opportunistic infections with neutropenia, unusual pathogens include Staphylococcus hominis, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Rhodococcus, and Pantoea agglomerans
Bevacizumab VEGF humanized IgG1 severe neutropenia; sepsis, anaerobic liver abscess with Bacteroides fragilis, Fusarium nasal septal infection, endophthalmitis, intraocular injection including Bacillus cereus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus
Cetuximab ErbB1 chimeric human-murine IgG1 paronychia caused by Staphylococcus aureus, abscess, sepsis
Panitumumab ErbB1 human IgG2 paronychia, abscess, sepsis
Trastuzumab HER2 human IgG1 febrile neutropenia
Basiliximab CD25 chimeric human-murine IgG1 bacterial, CMV, and HSV infections, aspergillosis, nocardiosis, candidiasis, and protozoal infections
Daclizumab CD25 humanized IgG1 nocardiosis, legionellosis, MOTT infection, TB, viral infection with CMV, BK virus, adenovirus, HSV, RSV, or influenza virus, fungal infections with Aspergillus, Scedosporium, Cunninghamella, and Candida
Muromonab CD3 murine IgG2 bacterial infections, including Listeria, Nocardia, and MOTT infections; infections with Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, or dermatophytes; PCP; infections with Toxoplasma gondii, CMV, EBV, HSV, hepatitis viruses, VZV, adenovirus, enterovirus, RSV, and parainfluenza virus
Abciximab GPIIb/IIIa Fab' fragment of chimeric human-murine IgG1 pneumonia
Omalizumab IgE humanized IgG1 none
Palivizumab F protein of RSV humanized IgG1 otitis media

Further Reading

  • Infectious complications associated with monoclonal antibodies and related small molecules. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009 Apr;22(2):274-90. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00040-08
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