Protozoa: Difference between revisions
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* '''Amoebae''': pseudopodia |
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!Group |
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** Obligate parasites |
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!Organism |
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*** Non-pathogenic |
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!Common Name |
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**** ''[[Entamoeba coli]]'', ''[[Entamoeba dispar]]'', ''[[Entamoeba hartmanii]]'', and ''[[Entamoeba polecki]]'' |
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!Exposure |
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**** ''[[Endolimax nana]]'' |
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!Treatment |
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**** ''[[Iodamoeba buetschlii]]'' |
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|- |
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*** Pathogenic |
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! colspan="5" |Amoebae |
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**** ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'' |
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|- |
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**** ''[[Blastocystis hominis]]'' (maybe) |
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| rowspan="2" |obligate amoebae |
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** Facultative free-living parasites |
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|[[Entamoeba histolytica]] |
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*** ''[[Naegleria fowleri]]'': causes [[primary amoebic meningoencephalitis]] |
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|amebic dysentery |
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*** ''[[Balamuthia mandrillaris]]'': causes [[granulomatous amoebic encephalitis]] |
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*** [[Acanthamoeba species]]: cause [[granulomatous amoebic encephalitis]] and [[amoebic keratitis]] |
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|[[iodoquinol]] or [[paramomycin]] or [[metronidazole]] or [[tinidazole]] |
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* '''Flagellates''': regular flagella or kinetoplastic flagella |
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|- |
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** Non-kinetoplastic flagellates |
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|[[Blastocystis hominis]] |
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*** Pathogenic |
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**** Intestinal: ''[[Giardia lamblia]]'' and ''[[Dientamoeba fragilis]]'' |
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**** Genitourinary: ''[[Trichomonas vaginalis]]'' |
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|[[metronidazole]] or [[TMP-SMX]] or [[iodoquinol]] |
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*** Non-pathogenic |
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|- |
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**** Intestinal: ''[[Chilomastix mesnili]]'', ''[[Pentatrichomonas hominis]]'' |
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| rowspan="3" |free-living amoebae |
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**** Oral: ''[[Trichomonas tenax]]'' |
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|[[Naegleria fowleri]] |
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** Kinetoplastid flagellates: flagellated protozoa with DNA inside large mitochondria at one end |
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|primary amebic meningoencephalitis |
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*** [[Trypanosoma species]] |
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|warm freshwater |
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**** ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'': causes [[American trypanosomiasis]] |
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|combination therapy |
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**** ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'': causes [[human African trypanosomiasis]] |
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|- |
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***** ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'' subsp. ''gambiense'': causes [[West African trypanosomiasis]] |
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|[[Balamuthia mandrillaris]] |
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***** ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'' subsp. ''rhodesiense'': causes [[East African trypanosomiasis]] |
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|granulomatous amebic encephalitis |
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***** Other subspecies have case reports of causing human disease |
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|warm freshwater |
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*** [[Leishmania species]] |
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|combination therapy |
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**** Old World, visceralizing: ''L. infantum'', ''L. donovani'' (in India) |
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|- |
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**** Old World, tegumentary: ''L. infantum'', ''L. donovani'' (Sri Lanka), ''L. major'', ''L. tropica'' |
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|[[Acanthamoeba]] |
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**** New World, visceralizing: ''L. chagasi'' (genetically identical to ''L. infantum'') |
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|granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis |
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**** New World, tegumentary: |
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|warm freshwater |
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***** Viannia group (should be treated systemically): ''L. braziliensis'', ''L. panamensis'', ''L. guyanensis'' |
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|combination therapy |
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***** Leishmania group (may need only local treatment): ''L. mexicana'' |
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|- |
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* '''Apicomplexa''': gliding, sexual reproduction |
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! colspan="5" |Flagellates |
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** Hemosporidia |
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|- |
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*** [[Plasmodium species]] |
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| rowspan="3" |kinetoplastid flagellates |
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*** [[Babesia species]] |
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|[[Trypanosoma cruzi]] |
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** Coccidia (not a microbiologically-sound category) |
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|Chagas disease |
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*** Blood and tissue |
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**** ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]'' |
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|[[benznidazole]] or [[nifurtimox]] |
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**** [[Sarcocystis species]] |
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|- |
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*** Gut |
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|[[Trypanosoma brucei]] |
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**** [[Cryptosporidium species]] |
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|African sleeping sickess |
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**** ''[[Cyclospora cayetanensis]]'' |
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**** [[Cystoisopora species]] |
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|individualized |
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**** [[Sarcocystis species]] |
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|- |
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* '''Ciliates''': cilia |
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|[[Leishmania]] |
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** ''[[Balantidium coli]]'' |
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|leishmaniasis |
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|individualized |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" |intestinal flagellates |
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|[[Giardia lamblia]] |
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|giardiasis |
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|[[tinidazole]] or [[metronidazole]] or [[nitazoxanide]] |
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|- |
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|[[Dientamoeba fragilis]] |
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|[[paromomycin]] or [[iodoquinol]] or [[metronidazole]] |
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|- |
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|genitourinary flagellates |
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|[[Trichomonas vaginalis]] |
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|trichomoniasis |
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|[[tinidazole]] or [[metronidazole]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="5" |Apicomplexa |
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|- |
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| rowspan="3" |Haemosporida |
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|[[Plasmodium falciparum]] |
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|malaria |
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|[[atovaquone-proguanil]] or [[artesunate]] if severe |
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|- |
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|Other [[Plasmodium]] |
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|malaria |
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|[[quinine]] + [[doxycycline]] ± [[primaquine]] |
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|- |
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|[[Babesia]] |
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|babesiosis |
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|[[atovaquone]] + [[azithromycin]] |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" |blood and tissue coccidia |
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|[[Toxoplasma gondii]] |
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|toxoplasmosis |
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|eating undercooked meat or cat feces |
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|[[pyrimethamine]] + [[sulfadiazine]] |
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|- |
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|[[Sarcocystis]] |
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|sarcocystosis |
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|eating undercooked meat |
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|possibly [[albendazole]] |
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|- |
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| rowspan="4" |gut coccidia |
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|[[Cryptosporidium]] |
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|cryptosporidiosis |
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|[[nitazoxanide]] |
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|- |
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|[[Cyclospora cayetanensis]] |
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|cyclosporiasis |
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|[[TMP-SMX]] |
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|- |
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|[[Cystoisospora belli]] |
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|cystoisoporiasis |
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|[[TMP-SMX]] |
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|- |
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|[[Sarcocystis]] |
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|sarcocystosis |
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|possibly [[albendazole]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="5" |Ciliates |
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|- |
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|gut ciliates |
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|[[Balantidium coli]] |
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|balantidiasis |
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|[[tetracycline]] |
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|} |
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<br /> |
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[[Category:Parasites]] |
[[Category:Parasites]] |
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Latest revision as of 04:12, 28 January 2022
| Group | Organism | Common Name | Exposure | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amoebae | ||||
| obligate amoebae | Entamoeba histolytica | amebic dysentery | iodoquinol or paramomycin or metronidazole or tinidazole | |
| Blastocystis hominis | metronidazole or TMP-SMX or iodoquinol | |||
| free-living amoebae | Naegleria fowleri | primary amebic meningoencephalitis | warm freshwater | combination therapy |
| Balamuthia mandrillaris | granulomatous amebic encephalitis | warm freshwater | combination therapy | |
| Acanthamoeba | granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis | warm freshwater | combination therapy | |
| Flagellates | ||||
| kinetoplastid flagellates | Trypanosoma cruzi | Chagas disease | benznidazole or nifurtimox | |
| Trypanosoma brucei | African sleeping sickess | individualized | ||
| Leishmania | leishmaniasis | individualized | ||
| intestinal flagellates | Giardia lamblia | giardiasis | tinidazole or metronidazole or nitazoxanide | |
| Dientamoeba fragilis | paromomycin or iodoquinol or metronidazole | |||
| genitourinary flagellates | Trichomonas vaginalis | trichomoniasis | tinidazole or metronidazole | |
| Apicomplexa | ||||
| Haemosporida | Plasmodium falciparum | malaria | atovaquone-proguanil or artesunate if severe | |
| Other Plasmodium | malaria | quinine + doxycycline ± primaquine | ||
| Babesia | babesiosis | atovaquone + azithromycin | ||
| blood and tissue coccidia | Toxoplasma gondii | toxoplasmosis | eating undercooked meat or cat feces | pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine |
| Sarcocystis | sarcocystosis | eating undercooked meat | possibly albendazole | |
| gut coccidia | Cryptosporidium | cryptosporidiosis | nitazoxanide | |
| Cyclospora cayetanensis | cyclosporiasis | TMP-SMX | ||
| Cystoisospora belli | cystoisoporiasis | TMP-SMX | ||
| Sarcocystis | sarcocystosis | possibly albendazole | ||
| Ciliates | ||||
| gut ciliates | Balantidium coli | balantidiasis | tetracycline | |
