Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Difference between revisions
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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*Refer to [[antipseudomonal antibiotics]] for specific treatment options |
*Refer to [[antipseudomonal antibiotics]] for specific treatment options |
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*Double coverage (ß-lactam + non-ß-lactam) in cases of severe infection in order to ensure activity against the infection |
*Double coverage (ß-lactam + non-ß-lactam) in cases of severe infection in order to ensure activity against the infection |
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| + | === Multidrug Resistant Isolates === |
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| + | * Consider any of the following options |
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| + | * [[Amikacin]] 20 mg/kg IV once, followed by dosing per levels (see [[Aminoglycosides#Dosing|Aminoglycosides]]) |
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| + | * [[Cefiderocol]] 2 g IV 18h infused over 3 hours |
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| + | * [[Ceftazidime-avibactam]] 2.5 g IV q8h infused over 3 hours |
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| + | * [[Ceftolozane-tazobactam]] 3 g IV q8h infused over 3 hours |
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| + | * [[Colistin]] |
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| + | * [[Gentamicin]] 7 mg/kg IV once followed by dosing per levels (see [[Aminoglycosides#Dosing|Aminoglycosides]]) |
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| + | * [[Imipenem-relebactam]] 1.25 g IV q6h infused over 30 minutes |
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| + | * [[Plazomicin]] 15 mg/kg IV once followed by dosing per levels (see [[Aminoglycosides#Dosing|Aminoglycosides]]) |
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| + | * [[Polymixin B]] |
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| + | * [[Tobramycin]] 7 mg/kg IV once followed by dosing per levels (see [[Aminoglycosides#Dosing|Aminoglycosides]]) |
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''}} |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''}} |
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Revision as of 15:24, 24 November 2021
Background
Microbiology
- Oxidase positive, non-fermenting Gram-negative bacillus
Mechanisms of Resistance
- Broad intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance1
- Membrane impermeability
- Decreased or absent OprD porin: resistance to carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem)
- Membrane changes: resistance to polymixins (colistin)
- Reduced aminoglycoside transport: resistance to aminoglycosides
- Efflux pumps
- MexAB-OprM: resistance to fluoroquinolones and all β-lactams except imipenem
- MexCD-OprJ: resistance to fluoroquinolones and most β-lactams (cefoperazone, cefpirome, cefepime, meropenem) but not imipenem
- MexEF-OprN: resistance to fluoroquinolones and all β-lactams
- MexXY-OprM: resistance to fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines including tigecycline, most β-lactams (but not imipenem or ceftazidime), and aminoglycosides
- β-lactamases
- Derepressed AmpC β-lactamase: resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins (except ceftolozane)
- Acquired carbapenemases such as NDM-1: resistance to essentially all β-lactams
- Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes: resistance to aminoglycosides
- Target site mutations
- Topoisomerase II (gyrA) or IV (parC) point mutations: resistance to fluoroquinolones
Epidemiology
- Loves moist and wet environments
- Causes healthcare-associated infections
- UTI, SSI, bacteremia, HAP, VAP
- Especially common in cystic fibrosis
Treatment
- Refer to antipseudomonal antibiotics for specific treatment options
- Double coverage (ß-lactam + non-ß-lactam) in cases of severe infection in order to ensure activity against the infection
Multidrug Resistant Isolates
- Consider any of the following options
- Amikacin 20 mg/kg IV once, followed by dosing per levels (see Aminoglycosides)
- Cefiderocol 2 g IV 18h infused over 3 hours
- Ceftazidime-avibactam 2.5 g IV q8h infused over 3 hours
- Ceftolozane-tazobactam 3 g IV q8h infused over 3 hours
- Colistin
- Gentamicin 7 mg/kg IV once followed by dosing per levels (see Aminoglycosides)
- Imipenem-relebactam 1.25 g IV q6h infused over 30 minutes
- Plazomicin 15 mg/kg IV once followed by dosing per levels (see Aminoglycosides)
- Polymixin B
- Tobramycin 7 mg/kg IV once followed by dosing per levels (see Aminoglycosides)
References
- ^ D. M. Livermore. Multiple Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Our Worst Nightmare?. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2002;34(5):634-640. doi:10.1086/338782.
