Helminths: Difference between revisions

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!Treatment
  
!Treatment
 
|-
  
|-
−
! colspan="5" |Platyhelminths: trematodes (flukes)
 +
! colspan="5" |Platyhelminths: [[trematodes]] (flukes)
 
|-
  
|-
 
|lung flukes
  
|lung flukes
−
|[[Paragonimus species]]
 +
|[[Paragonimus]]
 
|lung fluke
  
|lung fluke
  +
|seafood, especially crayfish or crab in Southeast Asia
−
|
  
  +
|[[praziquantel]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| rowspan="5" |liver flukes
 +
| rowspan="3" |liver flukes
 
|[[Fasciola hepatica]]
  
|[[Fasciola hepatica]]
−
|common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke
 +
|common or sheep liver fluke
  +
|underwater vegetation, especially watercress, near sheep-rearing in South America, Europe, and Middle East
−
|
  
  +
|[[triclabendazole]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Opisthorchis viverrini]]
  
|[[Opisthorchis viverrini]]
 
|Southeast Asian liver fluke
  
|Southeast Asian liver fluke
  +
|freshwater fish in Southeast Asia
−
|
  
  +
|[[praziquantel]] or [[albendazole]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Clonorchis sinensis]]
  
|[[Clonorchis sinensis]]
 
|Chinese liver fluke
  
|Chinese liver fluke
  +
|fish in Southeast Asia and eastern Russia
−
|
  
  +
|[[praziquantel]] or [[albendazole]]
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
|[[Metorchis conjunctus]]
  
−
|Canadian liver fluke
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
|[[Dicrocoelium dendriticum]]
  
−
|lancet liver fluke
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
| rowspan="4" |intestinal flukes
  
−
|[[Echinostoma revolutum]]
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| rowspan="3" |intestinal flukes
 
|[[Fasciolopsis buskii]]
  
|[[Fasciolopsis buskii]]
 
|
  
|
  +
|water vegetables, especially watercress, bamboo, and water chestnuts in China, India, Thailand, and Bangladesh; pig reservoir
−
|
  
  +
|[[praziquantel]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
|[[Metagonimus species]]
 +
|[[Metagonimus]]
−
|
  
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|fish in Middle and Far East
  +
|[[praziquantel]]
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Heterophyes heterophyes]]
  
|[[Heterophyes heterophyes]]
 
|
  
|
 
|eating undercooked fresh/brackish water fish in Egypt and Middle and Far East
  
|eating undercooked fresh/brackish water fish in Egypt and Middle and Far East
  +
|[[praziquantel]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
| rowspan="2" |blood flukes
  
| rowspan="2" |blood flukes
 
|[[Schistosoma haematobium]]
  
|[[Schistosoma haematobium]]
 
|blood fluke
  
|blood fluke
  +
|freshwater in Africa and the Middle East
−
|
  
  +
|[[praziquantel]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Schistosoma mansoni]]
  
|[[Schistosoma mansoni]]
 
|blood fluke
  
|blood fluke
  +
|freshwater in Africa, the Middle East, and South America
−
|
  
  +
|[[praziquantel]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
! colspan="5" |Platyhelminths: cestodes (tapeworms)
 +
! colspan="5" |Platyhelminths: [[cestodes]] (tapeworms)
 
|-
  
|-
−
| rowspan="3" |pseudophyllideans
 +
|pseudophyllideans
 
|[[Diphyllobothrium latum]]
  
|[[Diphyllobothrium latum]]
  +
|fish tapeworm
−
|
  
  +
|undercooked/smoked/pickled fish in Scandinavia, Siberia, Russia, Japan, Chile, and Uganda
−
|
  
  +
|[[praziquantel]]
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
|[[Spirometra species]]
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
|[[Sparganum species]]
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| rowspan="5" |intestinal cyclophyllideans
 +
| rowspan="3" |intestinal cyclophyllideans
 
|[[Taenia solium]]
  
|[[Taenia solium]]
 
|pork tapeworm
  
|pork tapeworm
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|dwarf tapeworm
  
|dwarf tapeworm
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[praziquantel]]
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
|[[Hymenolepis diminuta]]
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
|[[Dipylidium caninum]]
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| rowspan="5" |tissue cyclophyllideans
 +
| rowspan="3" |tissue cyclophyllideans
 
|[[Echinococcus granulosus]]
  
|[[Echinococcus granulosus]]
 
|hydatid worm
  
|hydatid worm
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[albendazole]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Echinococcus multilocularis]]
  
|[[Echinococcus multilocularis]]
 
|alveolar hydatid disease
  
|alveolar hydatid disease
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[albendazole]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Taenia solium]]
  
|[[Taenia solium]]
 
|cysticercosis
  
|cysticercosis
 
|eating soil contaminated with pig or human feces
  
|eating soil contaminated with pig or human feces
  +
|[[albendazole]] or [[praziquantel]]
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
|[[Taenia multiceps]]
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
|[[Taenia serialis]]
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
! colspan="5" |Nematodes (roundworms)
 +
! colspan="5" |[[Nematodes]] (roundworms)
 
|-
  
|-
 
| rowspan="8" |filarial roundworms
  
| rowspan="8" |filarial roundworms
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|river blindness
  
|river blindness
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[ivermectin]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Loa loa]]
  
|[[Loa loa]]
 
|eye worm
  
|eye worm
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[diethylcarbamazine]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Wuchereria bancrofti]]
  
|[[Wuchereria bancrofti]]
 
|lymphatic filariasis
  
|lymphatic filariasis
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[diethylcarbamazine]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Brugia malayi]]
  
|[[Brugia malayi]]
 
|lymphatic filariasis
  
|lymphatic filariasis
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[diethylcarbamazine]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Brugia timori]]
  
|[[Brugia timori]]
 
|lymphatic filariasis
  
|lymphatic filariasis
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[diethylcarbamazine]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Mansonella perstans]]
  
|[[Mansonella perstans]]
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
  +
|maybe [[doxycycline]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Mansonella streptocerca]]
  
|[[Mansonella streptocerca]]
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
  +
|maybe [[doxycycline]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Mansonella ozzardi]]
  
|[[Mansonella ozzardi]]
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
  +
|maybe [[doxycycline]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| rowspan="9" |intestinal roundworms
 +
| rowspan="10" |intestinal roundworms
 
|[[Ascaris lumbricoides]]
  
|[[Ascaris lumbricoides]]
 
|great roundworm
  
|great roundworm
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[albendazole]] or [[mebendazole]] or [[ivermectin]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Necator americanus]]
  
|[[Necator americanus]]
 
|New World hookworm
  
|New World hookworm
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[albendazole]] or [[mebendazole]] or [[pyrantel pamoate]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Ancylostoma duodenale]]
  
|[[Ancylostoma duodenale]]
 
|Old World hookworm
  
|Old World hookworm
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[albendazole]] or [[mebendazole]] or [[pyrantel pamoate]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Strongyloides stercoralis]]
  
|[[Strongyloides stercoralis]]
 
|threadworm
  
|threadworm
 
|immunosuppression in a person who has ever spent time on a tropical beach
  
|immunosuppression in a person who has ever spent time on a tropical beach
−
|ivermectin ± albendazole
 +
|[[ivermectin]] ± [[albendazole]]
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Trichuris trichiura]]
  
|[[Trichuris trichiura]]
 
|whipworm
  
|whipworm
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[albendazole]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Enterobius vermicularis]]
  
|[[Enterobius vermicularis]]
 
|pinworm
  
|pinworm
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[albendazole]] or [[mebendazole]] or [[pyrantel pamoate]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
|[[Capillaria species]]
 +
|[[Capillaria]]
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[mebendazole]]
 
|-
  
|-
−
|[[Trichostrongylus species]]
 +
|[[Trichostrongylus]]
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[pyrantel pamoate]]
 
|-
  
|-
−
|[[Anisakis species]]
 +
|[[Anisakis]]
 
|anisakidosis
  
|anisakidosis
 
|
  
|
  +
|endoscopic removal
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|[[Gongylonema]]
−
| rowspan="10" |tissue-invasive roundworms
  
  +
|gullet worm
  +
|ingestion of food or water contaminated by sheep or pig feves
  +
|surgical removal or [[albendazole]]
  +
|-
  +
| rowspan="8" |tissue-invasive roundworms
 
|[[Trichinella spiralis]]
  
|[[Trichinella spiralis]]
 
|pork worm
  
|pork worm
 
|eating undercooked pig, boar, or bear meat
  
|eating undercooked pig, boar, or bear meat
  +
|[[albendazole]] plus steroids
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Anyclostoma braziliense]]
  
|[[Anyclostoma braziliense]]
 
|cutaneous larva migrans
  
|cutaneous larva migrans
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[albendazole]] or [[ivermectin]]
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Ancylostoma caninum]]
  
|[[Ancylostoma caninum]]
  +
|eosinophilic enterocolitis
−
|cutaneous larva migrans
  
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[albendazole]] or [[mebendazole]] or endoscopic removal
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Dracunculus medinensis]]
  
|[[Dracunculus medinensis]]
 
|Guinea worm
  
|Guinea worm
 
|
  
|
  +
|none
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
|[[Toxocara canis]]
 +
|[[Toxocara]]
 
|[[visceral larva migrans]]
  
|[[visceral larva migrans]]
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[albendazole]] or [[mebendazole]]
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
|[[Toxocara cati]]
  
−
|[[visceral larva migrans]]
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Angiostrongylus cantonensis]]
  
|[[Angiostrongylus cantonensis]]
 
|rat lungworm
  
|rat lungworm
 
|
  
|
  +
|controversial
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
|[[Gnathostoma species]]
 +
|[[Gnathostoma]]
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[albendazole]] or [[ivermectin]] ± surgical removal
 
|-
  
|-
 
|[[Baylisascaris procyonis]]
  
|[[Baylisascaris procyonis]]
 
|raccoon roundworm
  
|raccoon roundworm
 
|
  
|
  +
|[[albendazole]] + steroids
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
|[[Dioctophyme renale]]
  
−
|giant kidney worm
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
 
|}
  
|}
   
 
==Investigations==
  
==Investigations==
   
−
*Eosinophilia seen in tissue-invasive worms, not in those that live in the gut or in cystic structures
 +
*[[Eosinophilia]] seen in tissue-invasive worms, not in those that live in the gut or in cystic structures
   
−
[[Category:Helminths]]
 +
[[Category:Parasites]]

Latest revision as of 22:48, 7 February 2022

Group Species Common Name Exposure Treatment
Platyhelminths: trematodes (flukes)
lung flukes Paragonimus lung fluke seafood, especially crayfish or crab in Southeast Asia praziquantel
liver flukes Fasciola hepatica common or sheep liver fluke underwater vegetation, especially watercress, near sheep-rearing in South America, Europe, and Middle East triclabendazole
Opisthorchis viverrini Southeast Asian liver fluke freshwater fish in Southeast Asia praziquantel or albendazole
Clonorchis sinensis Chinese liver fluke fish in Southeast Asia and eastern Russia praziquantel or albendazole
intestinal flukes Fasciolopsis buskii water vegetables, especially watercress, bamboo, and water chestnuts in China, India, Thailand, and Bangladesh; pig reservoir praziquantel
Metagonimus fish in Middle and Far East praziquantel
Heterophyes heterophyes eating undercooked fresh/brackish water fish in Egypt and Middle and Far East praziquantel
blood flukes Schistosoma haematobium blood fluke freshwater in Africa and the Middle East praziquantel
Schistosoma mansoni blood fluke freshwater in Africa, the Middle East, and South America praziquantel
Platyhelminths: cestodes (tapeworms)
pseudophyllideans Diphyllobothrium latum fish tapeworm undercooked/smoked/pickled fish in Scandinavia, Siberia, Russia, Japan, Chile, and Uganda praziquantel
intestinal cyclophyllideans Taenia solium pork tapeworm eating undercooked pork
Taenia saginata beef tapeworm eating undercooked beef
Hymenolepis nana dwarf tapeworm praziquantel
tissue cyclophyllideans Echinococcus granulosus hydatid worm albendazole
Echinococcus multilocularis alveolar hydatid disease albendazole
Taenia solium cysticercosis eating soil contaminated with pig or human feces albendazole or praziquantel
Nematodes (roundworms)
filarial roundworms Onchocerca volvulus river blindness ivermectin
Loa loa eye worm diethylcarbamazine
Wuchereria bancrofti lymphatic filariasis diethylcarbamazine
Brugia malayi lymphatic filariasis diethylcarbamazine
Brugia timori lymphatic filariasis diethylcarbamazine
Mansonella perstans maybe doxycycline
Mansonella streptocerca maybe doxycycline
Mansonella ozzardi maybe doxycycline
intestinal roundworms Ascaris lumbricoides great roundworm albendazole or mebendazole or ivermectin
Necator americanus New World hookworm albendazole or mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate
Ancylostoma duodenale Old World hookworm albendazole or mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate
Strongyloides stercoralis threadworm immunosuppression in a person who has ever spent time on a tropical beach ivermectin ± albendazole
Trichuris trichiura whipworm albendazole
Enterobius vermicularis pinworm albendazole or mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate
Capillaria mebendazole
Trichostrongylus pyrantel pamoate
Anisakis anisakidosis endoscopic removal
Gongylonema gullet worm ingestion of food or water contaminated by sheep or pig feves surgical removal or albendazole
tissue-invasive roundworms Trichinella spiralis pork worm eating undercooked pig, boar, or bear meat albendazole plus steroids
Anyclostoma braziliense cutaneous larva migrans albendazole or ivermectin
Ancylostoma caninum eosinophilic enterocolitis albendazole or mebendazole or endoscopic removal
Dracunculus medinensis Guinea worm none
Toxocara visceral larva migrans albendazole or mebendazole
Angiostrongylus cantonensis rat lungworm controversial
Gnathostoma albendazole or ivermectin ± surgical removal
Baylisascaris procyonis raccoon roundworm albendazole + steroids

Investigations

  • Eosinophilia seen in tissue-invasive worms, not in those that live in the gut or in cystic structures
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