Candida: Difference between revisions

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Candida
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**[[Candida auris]]
  
**[[Candida auris]]
 
*Species that only rarely cause disease in humans include: [[Candida albidus]], [[Candida catenulate]], [[Candida chiropterorum]], [[Candida ciferrii]], [[Candida famata]], [[Candida haemulonii]], [[Candida humicola]], [[Candida inconspicua]], [[Candida kefyr]], [[Candida lambica]], [[Candida lipolytica]], [[Candida norvegensis]], [[Candida pelliculosa]], [[Candida pintolopesii]], [[Candida pulcherrima]], [[Candida rugosa]], [[Candida utilis]] and [[Candida zeylanoides]]
  
*Species that only rarely cause disease in humans include: [[Candida albidus]], [[Candida catenulate]], [[Candida chiropterorum]], [[Candida ciferrii]], [[Candida famata]], [[Candida haemulonii]], [[Candida humicola]], [[Candida inconspicua]], [[Candida kefyr]], [[Candida lambica]], [[Candida lipolytica]], [[Candida norvegensis]], [[Candida pelliculosa]], [[Candida pintolopesii]], [[Candida pulcherrima]], [[Candida rugosa]], [[Candida utilis]] and [[Candida zeylanoides]]
  +
  +
==== Identification ====
  +
  +
*Any yeast that has growth on culture (blood, fluid, tissue) or seen on Gram stain gets subcultured to SAB-CG at 35ΒΊ C.
  +
**Growth rate: <7 days is rapid
  +
**Texture
  +
**Colour of surface and reverse
  +
*Do wet mount to confirm features of ''Candida''.
  +
*'''Microscopy''' for chlamydospores, pseudohyphae, hyphae, arthroconidia, blastoconidia formation, budding, capsules, pigmentation.
  +
**''C. glabrata'' is smaller, does not produce hyphae or pseudohyphae, produces blastoconidia, and grows as creamy yeast colonies.
  +
**Non-glabrata spp. usually exhibit single buddings and can have pseudohyphae (rarely true septate hyphae). Cannot identify species based on microscopy alone.
  +
*'''MALDI-ToF''' (Vitek MS), which provides a species. If ''C. haemolunii'' or ''C. famata'' identified on Vitek, need to rule out ''C. auris''.
  +
**If Vitek not β‰₯95% match, or identifies one of the two species above, then repeat the MALDI-ToF and set up Dalmau on cornmeal agar.
  +
*'''Dalmau technique:''' growth in adverse conditions (bile oxgall and corn meal) to help identify differences between species of yeast.
  +
**Light inoculum of single colony in a #-sign pattern with lines 1 inch apart. Cover streaks with coverslip and tamp down gently. Incubate at room temperature 18-72 hours.
  +
**Examine after 18-24 hours. Look for thick-walled chlamydospores (terminal refractory circles), blastoconidia morphology, and presence of pseudohyphae. Then continue incubating, examining daily.
  +
*Old-school enzymatic tests and assimilation assays.
  +
*'''Temperature tolerance test''' at 35-37ΒΊ C, 42ΒΊ C, and 45ΒΊ C
  +
*'''Germ tube test:''' if positive, either ''C. albicans'' or ''C. dubliniensis''
  +
  +
{| class="wikitable"
  +
!Species
  +
!Colony
  +
!Conidia
  +
!Pseudohyphae
  +
!Other
  +
!Other Tests
  +
|-
  +
!''C. albicans''
  +
|White to creamy, raised, pasty, smooth and soft, shiny and moist. May produce mycelial growth called β€œfeet” or β€œroots”.
  +
|Blastoconidia globose to oval.
  +
|Well-developed, abundant with blastoconidia in clusters or grape-like arrangement at septa.
  +
|Chlamydospores: round, large, thick-walled, usually single and mostly terminal forming on the tip of pseudohyphae, but some may be sessile. True hyphae may be present in older cultures.
  +
|Growth at 42-45ΒΊ C.
  +
|-
  +
!''C. dubliniensis''
  +
|Cream-coloured, glistening, waxy, usually smooth.
  +
|Blastoconidia subspherical, identical to C. albicans.
  +
|Well-developed with blastoconidia in grape-like arrangement.
  +
|Chlamydospores: round, large, thick-walled, usually in pairs, triplets, and clusters of 1-3 and mostly terminal. True hyphae may be present, especially in older culture.
  +
|Usually no growth at 42-45ΒΊ C.
  +
|-
  +
!''C. glabrata''
  +
|Small, white to cream-coloured, shiny, pasty, and smooth.
  +
|Terminal single budding, oval, and small. Typically arranged in dense groups.
  +
|Absent, or rudimentary if present
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!''C. krusei''
  +
|Cream-coloured to tannish-white. Flat, dry, ground-glass appearance. Spreading edge with a delicate feathery periphery.
  +
|Elongate, ellipsoidal to cylindrical. Cells are liberated and arranged parallel to the main axis appearing like logs on the stream.
  +
|Initially sparse, often present on prolonged incubation. Elondated and slender, with blastoconidia forming a cross-matchstick or treelike branching appearance at the septa.
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!''C. parapsilosis''
  +
|White to creamy, shiny, moist, slightly flat, mostly smooth or partly or entirely wrinkled.
  +
|Ovoid, single or in small clusters.
  +
|Usually abundant, but may be slow to grow. Crooked or curved, relatively short, branched chains of pseudohyphae with clusters of blastoconidia at or between septa. Christmas-tree-like arrangement.
  +
|Occasional presence of large hyphal elements called giant cells.
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!''C. tropicalis''
  +
|Cream-coloured to semiwhite, dull, dry, soft, smooth and creamy. May be wrinkled or have a mycelial fringe near the edge. Can have feet (root mycelium) similar to C. albicans.
  +
|Oval. Single or in small groups or short chains at or between septa of pseudohyphae.
  +
|Very active growth. Abundant, long and branched. Blastoconidia produced in verticils from the pseudohyphae.
  +
|True hyphae may be present.
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!''C. famata''
  +
|White to cream coloured.
  +
|Ellipsoidal.
  +
|Absent.
  +
|
  +
|Weak growth at 40ΒΊ C. Does not grow at 42ΒΊ C.
  +
|-
  +
!''C. auris''
  +
|White to cream-coloured. Pink to beige on chromogenic agar (depending on the agar).
  +
|Oval or elongated yeast cells, singly or in pairs or groups.
  +
|Absent.
  +
|
  +
|Grows well at 42ΒΊ C. Variable growth at 45ΒΊ C. Cycloheximide-susceptible. Usually fluconazole-resistant.
  +
|-
  +
!''C. guilliermondii''
  +
|White to tan, slightly heaped, shiny, moist, and usually mucoid with smooth edge.
  +
|Spherical to ellipsoidal.
  +
|May be slow growing (up to 10 days), radiating from centre of masses of budding cells.
  +
|Pseudohyphae not produced.
  +
|May grow at 42 ΒΊ C.
  +
|}
  +
  +
=== Epidemiology ===
  +
  +
*Refer to [https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis697 Cleveland et al; CID 2012 55:1352].
  +
*The predominant species worldwide (and in Canada) is [[Candida albicans]], by a wide margin, followed by [[Candida glabrata]], [[Candida tropicalis]], and [[Candida parapsilosis]]
  +
*Non-''albicans'' species are becoming more common, globally, over the past three decades.
  +
**[[Candida dubliniensis]] associated with HIV esophagitis
  +
**[[Candida lusitaniae]] can develop resistance to amphotericin
  +
**[[Candida guilliermondii]] is multidrug resistant
  +
**[[Candida auris]] still rare but may be emerging. It can be misidentified as other yeasts (most commonly ''C. haemulonii'', but also ''C. famata'', ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'', and ''Rhodotorula glutinis'').
   
 
==Clinical Manifestations==
  
==Clinical Manifestations==
   
βˆ’
=== Fungemia ===
 +
===Fungemia===
   
βˆ’
* See also [[candidemia]]
 +
*See also [[candidemia]]
βˆ’
* Risk factors include colonization, gastrointestinal mucosal disruption, total parenteral nutrition, and immunosuppression
 +
*Risk factors include colonization, gastrointestinal mucosal disruption, total parenteral nutrition, and immunosuppression
   
βˆ’
=== Oropharyngeal Candidiasis ===
 +
===Oropharyngeal Candidiasis===
   
βˆ’
* Risk factors include immunosuppression including diabetes, inhaled corticosteroids, and denture used
 +
*Risk factors include immunosuppression including diabetes, inhaled corticosteroids, and denture used
   
βˆ’
=== Esophageal Candidiasis ===
 +
===Esophageal Candidiasis===
   
βˆ’
* Risk factors include immunosuppression
 +
*Risk factors include immunosuppression
   
βˆ’
=== Vulvovaginal Candidiasis ===
 +
===Vulvovaginal Candidiasis===
   
βˆ’
* Risk factors include colonization from recent antibiotic use, immunosuppression including diabetes, use of oral contraceptives, and pregnancy
 +
*Risk factors include colonization from recent antibiotic use, immunosuppression including diabetes, use of oral contraceptives, and pregnancy
   
βˆ’
=== Candidal Infection of Skin and Nails ===
 +
===Candidal Infection of Skin and Nails===
   
βˆ’
* Risk factors include moisture and occlusion, immersion in water, and peripheral vascular disease
 +
*Risk factors include moisture and occlusion, immersion in water, and peripheral vascular disease
βˆ’
* Candidal skin infections can occur in moist body parts especially where skin occludes, and presents as a pruritic, erythematous rash with a poorly-defined edge that may have vesicles or pustules
 +
*Candidal skin infections can occur in moist body parts especially where skin occludes, and presents as a pruritic, erythematous rash with a poorly-defined edge that may have vesicles or pustules
βˆ’
* Candidal [[onychomycosis]] is most commonly caused by [[Candida albicans]] and [[Candida parapsilosis]], followed by [[Candida glabrata]] and [[Candida guilliermondii]]
 +
*Candidal [[onychomycosis]] is most commonly caused by [[Candida albicans]] and [[Candida parapsilosis]], followed by [[Candida glabrata]] and [[Candida guilliermondii]]
βˆ’
* [[Paronychia]] can be caused by [[Candida albicans]]
 +
*[[Paronychia]] can be caused by [[Candida albicans]]
   
βˆ’
=== Cutaneous Congenital Candidiasis ===
 +
===Cutaneous Congenital Candidiasis===
   
βˆ’
* Occurs in premature infants
 +
*Occurs in premature infants
βˆ’
* Presents as a generalized macular erythematous rash
 +
*Presents as a generalized macular erythematous rash
βˆ’
* May become pustular, papular, or vescicular
 +
*May become pustular, papular, or vescicular
βˆ’
* May desquamate
 +
*May desquamate
   
βˆ’
=== Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis ===
 +
===Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis===
   
βˆ’
* Occurs in people with T-cell defects, often related to [[Primary immunodeficiencies|primary immunodeficiency]]
 +
*Occurs in people with T-cell defects, often related to [[Primary immunodeficiencies|primary immunodeficiency]]
   
βˆ’
=== Urinary Tract Infection ===
 +
===Urinary Tract Infection===
   
βˆ’
* Occurs in patients with diabetes, with indwelling urinary catheters, urinary obstruction, or recent urological procedures
 +
*Occurs in patients with diabetes, with indwelling urinary catheters, urinary obstruction, or recent urological procedures
βˆ’
* True infection most commonly occurs as a result of hematogenous dissemination rather than ascending infection or in patients who are immunocompromised
 +
*True infection most commonly occurs as a result of hematogenous dissemination rather than ascending infection or in patients who are immunocompromised
βˆ’
* ''Candida'' species are a common contaminant of urine cultures, especially in women with vulvovaginal candidiasis
 +
*''Candida'' species are a common contaminant of urine cultures, especially in women with vulvovaginal candidiasis
βˆ’
* They can also asymptomatically colonize the urinary system, causing asymptomatic candiduria
 +
*They can also asymptomatically colonize the urinary system, causing asymptomatic candiduria
   
βˆ’
=== Pulmonary Infections ===
 +
===Pulmonary Infections===
   
βˆ’
* Can occur from hematogenous spread
 +
*Can occur from hematogenous spread
βˆ’
* Primary, isolated candidal [[pneumonia]] is very rare, and is associated with aspiration pneumonia
 +
*Primary, isolated candidal [[pneumonia]] is very rare, and is associated with aspiration pneumonia
βˆ’
* [[Empyema]] can occur in patients with severe underlying diseases
 +
*[[Empyema]] can occur in patients with severe underlying diseases
βˆ’
* Candidal [[mediastinitis]] can happen after thoracic surgery, and is associated with high mortality
 +
*Candidal [[mediastinitis]] can happen after thoracic surgery, and is associated with high mortality
βˆ’
* [[Laryngitis]] or [[epiglottitis]] is rare and life-threatening
 +
*[[Laryngitis]] or [[epiglottitis]] is rare and life-threatening
   
βˆ’
=== Endocarditis ===
 +
===Endocarditis===
   
βˆ’
* Most common fungal cause of [[infective endocarditis]]
 +
*Most common fungal cause of [[infective endocarditis]]
βˆ’
* Risk factors include cardiac surgery, prior endocarditis, valvular disease, prosthetic valve, long-term central line, and intravenous drug use
 +
*Risk factors include cardiac surgery, prior endocarditis, valvular disease, prosthetic valve, long-term central line, and intravenous drug use
βˆ’
* Clinically presents like bacterial [[Infective endocarditis|endocarditis]], but has a higher risk of embolic events
 +
*Clinically presents like bacterial [[Infective endocarditis|endocarditis]], but has a higher risk of embolic events
βˆ’
* Most commonly involves aortic and mitral valves
 +
*Most commonly involves aortic and mitral valves
   
βˆ’
=== Pericarditis and Myocarditis ===
 +
===Pericarditis and Myocarditis===
   
βˆ’
* Risk factors include thoracic surgery or immunosuppression
 +
*Risk factors include thoracic surgery or immunosuppression
βˆ’
* [[Myocarditis]] is rare, occuring via hematogenous spread in immunocompromised patients
 +
*[[Myocarditis]] is rare, occuring via hematogenous spread in immunocompromised patients
βˆ’
** Can have heart block and shock
 +
**Can have heart block and shock
βˆ’
* [[Pericarditis]] is also rare, often occurs after thoracic surgery, from hematogenous spread, or from contiguous spread
 +
*[[Pericarditis]] is also rare, often occurs after thoracic surgery, from hematogenous spread, or from contiguous spread
   
βˆ’
=== CNS Infections ===
 +
===CNS Infections===
   
βˆ’
* Occurs following neurosurgery or with [[ventricular shunt infection]] or with hematogenous spread
 +
*Occurs following neurosurgery or with [[ventricular shunt infection]] or with hematogenous spread
βˆ’
* Can cause [[brain abscess]], [[meningitis]], or [[stroke]]
 +
*Can cause [[brain abscess]], [[meningitis]], or [[stroke]]
βˆ’
* Meningitis can be difficult to diagnose, and requires a large volume of CSF for improved sensitivity
 +
*Meningitis can be difficult to diagnose, and requires a large volume of CSF for improved sensitivity
   
βˆ’
=== Ocular Candidiasis ===
 +
===Ocular Candidiasis===
   
βˆ’
* From direct inoculation after ocular surgery or trauma, or with hematogenous spread
 +
*From direct inoculation after ocular surgery or trauma, or with hematogenous spread
βˆ’
* Includes [[keratitis]], [[chorioretinitis]], and [[endophthalmitis]]
 +
*Includes [[keratitis]], [[chorioretinitis]], and [[endophthalmitis]]
   
βˆ’
=== Bone and Joint Infections ===
 +
===Bone and Joint Infections===
   
βˆ’
* Rare cause of [[osteomyelitis]] and [[septic arthritis]]
 +
*Rare cause of [[osteomyelitis]] and [[septic arthritis]]
βˆ’
* Usually from hematogenous spread; other risk factors include surgery, trauma, intraarticular injection, or [[diabetic foot infection]]
 +
*Usually from hematogenous spread; other risk factors include surgery, trauma, intraarticular injection, or [[diabetic foot infection]]
βˆ’
* Symptoms may only become apparent months after initial hematogenous seeding, especially with vertebral osteomyelitis
 +
*Symptoms may only become apparent months after initial hematogenous seeding, especially with vertebral osteomyelitis
   
βˆ’
=== Intraabdominal Infection ===
 +
===Intraabdominal Infection===
   
βˆ’
* Risk factors include abdominal perforation, abdominal surgery, solid organ transplantation, anastomotic leaks, pancreatitis, and peritoneal dialysis
 +
*Risk factors include abdominal perforation, abdominal surgery, solid organ transplantation, anastomotic leaks, pancreatitis, and peritoneal dialysis
   
 
==Investigations==
  
==Investigations==

Revision as of 08:51, 26 August 2020

Background

  • Most common medically-important genus of yeast

Microbiology

Identification

  • Any yeast that has growth on culture (blood, fluid, tissue) or seen on Gram stain gets subcultured to SAB-CG at 35ΒΊ C.
    • Growth rate: <7 days is rapid
    • Texture
    • Colour of surface and reverse
  • Do wet mount to confirm features of Candida.
  • Microscopy for chlamydospores, pseudohyphae, hyphae, arthroconidia, blastoconidia formation, budding, capsules, pigmentation.
    • C. glabrata is smaller, does not produce hyphae or pseudohyphae, produces blastoconidia, and grows as creamy yeast colonies.
    • Non-glabrata spp. usually exhibit single buddings and can have pseudohyphae (rarely true septate hyphae). Cannot identify species based on microscopy alone.
  • MALDI-ToF (Vitek MS), which provides a species. If C. haemolunii or C. famata identified on Vitek, need to rule out C. auris.
    • If Vitek not β‰₯95% match, or identifies one of the two species above, then repeat the MALDI-ToF and set up Dalmau on cornmeal agar.
  • Dalmau technique: growth in adverse conditions (bile oxgall and corn meal) to help identify differences between species of yeast.
    • Light inoculum of single colony in a #-sign pattern with lines 1 inch apart. Cover streaks with coverslip and tamp down gently. Incubate at room temperature 18-72 hours.
    • Examine after 18-24 hours. Look for thick-walled chlamydospores (terminal refractory circles), blastoconidia morphology, and presence of pseudohyphae. Then continue incubating, examining daily.
  • Old-school enzymatic tests and assimilation assays.
  • Temperature tolerance test at 35-37ΒΊ C, 42ΒΊ C, and 45ΒΊ C
  • Germ tube test: if positive, either C. albicans or C. dubliniensis
Species Colony Conidia Pseudohyphae Other Other Tests
C. albicans White to creamy, raised, pasty, smooth and soft, shiny and moist. May produce mycelial growth called β€œfeet” or β€œroots”. Blastoconidia globose to oval. Well-developed, abundant with blastoconidia in clusters or grape-like arrangement at septa. Chlamydospores: round, large, thick-walled, usually single and mostly terminal forming on the tip of pseudohyphae, but some may be sessile. True hyphae may be present in older cultures. Growth at 42-45ΒΊ C.
C. dubliniensis Cream-coloured, glistening, waxy, usually smooth. Blastoconidia subspherical, identical to C. albicans. Well-developed with blastoconidia in grape-like arrangement. Chlamydospores: round, large, thick-walled, usually in pairs, triplets, and clusters of 1-3 and mostly terminal. True hyphae may be present, especially in older culture. Usually no growth at 42-45ΒΊ C.
C. glabrata Small, white to cream-coloured, shiny, pasty, and smooth. Terminal single budding, oval, and small. Typically arranged in dense groups. Absent, or rudimentary if present
C. krusei Cream-coloured to tannish-white. Flat, dry, ground-glass appearance. Spreading edge with a delicate feathery periphery. Elongate, ellipsoidal to cylindrical. Cells are liberated and arranged parallel to the main axis appearing like logs on the stream. Initially sparse, often present on prolonged incubation. Elondated and slender, with blastoconidia forming a cross-matchstick or treelike branching appearance at the septa.
C. parapsilosis White to creamy, shiny, moist, slightly flat, mostly smooth or partly or entirely wrinkled. Ovoid, single or in small clusters. Usually abundant, but may be slow to grow. Crooked or curved, relatively short, branched chains of pseudohyphae with clusters of blastoconidia at or between septa. Christmas-tree-like arrangement. Occasional presence of large hyphal elements called giant cells.
C. tropicalis Cream-coloured to semiwhite, dull, dry, soft, smooth and creamy. May be wrinkled or have a mycelial fringe near the edge. Can have feet (root mycelium) similar to C. albicans. Oval. Single or in small groups or short chains at or between septa of pseudohyphae. Very active growth. Abundant, long and branched. Blastoconidia produced in verticils from the pseudohyphae. True hyphae may be present.
C. famata White to cream coloured. Ellipsoidal. Absent. Weak growth at 40ΒΊ C. Does not grow at 42ΒΊ C.
C. auris White to cream-coloured. Pink to beige on chromogenic agar (depending on the agar). Oval or elongated yeast cells, singly or in pairs or groups. Absent. Grows well at 42ΒΊ C. Variable growth at 45ΒΊ C. Cycloheximide-susceptible. Usually fluconazole-resistant.
C. guilliermondii White to tan, slightly heaped, shiny, moist, and usually mucoid with smooth edge. Spherical to ellipsoidal. May be slow growing (up to 10 days), radiating from centre of masses of budding cells. Pseudohyphae not produced. May grow at 42 ΒΊ C.

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Fungemia

  • See also candidemia
  • Risk factors include colonization, gastrointestinal mucosal disruption, total parenteral nutrition, and immunosuppression

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis

  • Risk factors include immunosuppression including diabetes, inhaled corticosteroids, and denture used

Esophageal Candidiasis

  • Risk factors include immunosuppression

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

  • Risk factors include colonization from recent antibiotic use, immunosuppression including diabetes, use of oral contraceptives, and pregnancy

Candidal Infection of Skin and Nails

Cutaneous Congenital Candidiasis

  • Occurs in premature infants
  • Presents as a generalized macular erythematous rash
  • May become pustular, papular, or vescicular
  • May desquamate

Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis

Urinary Tract Infection

  • Occurs in patients with diabetes, with indwelling urinary catheters, urinary obstruction, or recent urological procedures
  • True infection most commonly occurs as a result of hematogenous dissemination rather than ascending infection or in patients who are immunocompromised
  • Candida species are a common contaminant of urine cultures, especially in women with vulvovaginal candidiasis
  • They can also asymptomatically colonize the urinary system, causing asymptomatic candiduria

Pulmonary Infections

  • Can occur from hematogenous spread
  • Primary, isolated candidal pneumonia is very rare, and is associated with aspiration pneumonia
  • Empyema can occur in patients with severe underlying diseases
  • Candidal mediastinitis can happen after thoracic surgery, and is associated with high mortality
  • Laryngitis or epiglottitis is rare and life-threatening

Endocarditis

  • Most common fungal cause of infective endocarditis
  • Risk factors include cardiac surgery, prior endocarditis, valvular disease, prosthetic valve, long-term central line, and intravenous drug use
  • Clinically presents like bacterial endocarditis, but has a higher risk of embolic events
  • Most commonly involves aortic and mitral valves

Pericarditis and Myocarditis

  • Risk factors include thoracic surgery or immunosuppression
  • Myocarditis is rare, occuring via hematogenous spread in immunocompromised patients
    • Can have heart block and shock
  • Pericarditis is also rare, often occurs after thoracic surgery, from hematogenous spread, or from contiguous spread

CNS Infections

Ocular Candidiasis

Bone and Joint Infections

  • Rare cause of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis
  • Usually from hematogenous spread; other risk factors include surgery, trauma, intraarticular injection, or diabetic foot infection
  • Symptoms may only become apparent months after initial hematogenous seeding, especially with vertebral osteomyelitis

Intraabdominal Infection

  • Risk factors include abdominal perforation, abdominal surgery, solid organ transplantation, anastomotic leaks, pancreatitis, and peritoneal dialysis

Investigations

  • Urine culture if concern for cystitis
  • Blood culture
    • Never ignore candidemia!
    • Requires an ophthalmology consult to rule out endophthalmitis (1-3% of cases)
    • Echocardiogram if IVDU or prosthetic valve
  • Germ tube test (GTT)
    • If positive, indicates Candida albicans or Candida dubliniensis
    • Identifies fluconazole-sensitive Candidae

Management

  • Superficial infections involving skin or mucosa can be treated with either topical preparations or low-dose oral fluconazole
  • Invasive infections should be treated with an echinocandin until species and susceptibilities are available
Species Resistance pattern
Candida albicans Generally fluconazole-susceptible
Candida dubliniensis Generally fluconazole-susceptible
Candida parapsilosis Generally fluconazole-susceptible
Candida glabrata Often fluconazole resistant, or dose-dependent
Candida tropicalis Generally fluconazole-susceptible
Candida krusei Inherent fluconazole resistance
Candida lusitaniae Often amphotericin resistant but fluconazole-susceptible
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