Chromobacterium violaceum: Difference between revisions
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Chromobacterium violaceum
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===Microbiology=== |
===Microbiology=== |
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*[[Stain::Gram-negative]] oxidase-[[Oxidase::positive]] [[Shape::bacillus]] |
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*Gram-negative bacterium |
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**The violacein pigment is produced during aerobic growth at 22 ºC and can interfere with the oxidase test |
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*Colonies are deep purple to black due to the presence of the violacein pigment |
*Colonies are deep purple to black due to the presence of the violacein pigment and may have an almond-like odor |
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*Found in water |
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*Found in water and soil, primarily tropics or subtropics |
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===Epidemiology=== |
===Epidemiology=== |
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*Causes wound infections following contaminated water exposure |
*Causes wound infections following contaminated water exposure |
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*Typically starts with a [[cellulitis]] |
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*Always with systemic features, including [[Causes::fever]] (100%) and [[Causes::sepsis]] (82%) |
*Always with systemic features, including [[Causes::fever]] (100%) and [[Causes::sepsis]] (82%) |
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*Often [[Causes::bacteremia]] (60%) and can |
*Often [[Causes::bacteremia]] (60%) and can cause abscesses in visceral organs (51%), especially lung and liver |
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*High mortality (53%) |
*High mortality (53%) |
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*[[Fluoroquinolones]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[tetracyline]], [[TMP-SMX]], [[imipenem]], [[gentamicin]] |
*[[Fluoroquinolones]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[tetracyline]], [[TMP-SMX]], [[imipenem]], [[gentamicin]] |
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*Maybe [[cefotaxime]], [[ceftazidime]], [[imipenem]] |
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*Avoid first- and second-generation cephalosporins |
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==Further Reading== |
==Further Reading== |
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Latest revision as of 01:51, 2 August 2025
Background
Microbiology
- Gram-negative oxidase-positive bacillus
- The violacein pigment is produced during aerobic growth at 22 ºC and can interfere with the oxidase test
- Colonies are deep purple to black due to the presence of the violacein pigment and may have an almond-like odor
- Found in water and soil, primarily tropics or subtropics
Epidemiology
- Mostly tropical or subtropical areas, especially southeast Asia
- Also in southeast US, most commonly Florida
- CGD is a risk factor for opportunistic infection, as is G6PD deficiency
Clinical Manifestations
- Causes wound infections following contaminated water exposure
- Typically starts with a cellulitis
- Always with systemic features, including fever (100%) and sepsis (82%)
- Often bacteremia (60%) and can cause abscesses in visceral organs (51%), especially lung and liver
- High mortality (53%)
Differential Diagnosis
- Includes other causes of skin and soft tissue infection after water exposure
- Common bugs: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, other streptococci, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and polymicrobial infections
- Uniquely marine bacteria: Aeromonas, Vibrio vulnificus, Shewanella, Edwardsiella, Chromobacterium
- Others: Burkholderia pseudomallei, non-tuberculous mycobacteria, and some fungi
Management
- Fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, tetracyline, TMP-SMX, imipenem, gentamicin
- Maybe cefotaxime, ceftazidime, imipenem
- Avoid first- and second-generation cephalosporins
Further Reading
- Chromobacterium violaceum infection: a clinical review of an important but neglected infection. J Chin Med Assoc. 2011;74(10):435-41.
