Helminths: Difference between revisions
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* '''Flatworms''' (platyhelminths) |
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!Group |
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** '''Flukes''' (trematodes) |
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!Species |
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*** ''[[Schistosoma]]'' spp. (blood flukes) |
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!Common Name |
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*** ''[[Clonorchis]]'' (liver fluke) |
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!Exposure |
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*** ''[[Paragonimus]]'' (lung fluke) |
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!Treatment |
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*** ''[[Fasciola hepatica]]'' (intestinal fluke) |
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|- |
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** '''Tapeworms''' (cestodes) |
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! colspan="5" |Platyhelminths: [[trematodes]] (flukes) |
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*** Intestinal tapeworms |
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|- |
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**** ''[[Taenia solium]]'' (pork tapeworm) |
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|lung flukes |
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**** ''[[Taenia saginata]]'' (beef tapeworm) |
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|[[Paragonimus]] |
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**** ''[[Hymenolepis nana]]'' (dwarf tapeworm) |
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|lung fluke |
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**** ''[[Diphyllobothrium latum]]'' (fish tapeworm) |
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|seafood, especially crayfish or crab in Southeast Asia |
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*** Larval tapeworms |
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|[[praziquantel]] |
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**** ''[[Echinococcus granulosus]]'' (hydatid worm) |
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|- |
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**** ''[[Echinococcus multilocularis]]'' (alveolar hydatid disease) |
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| rowspan="3" |liver flukes |
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**** Cysticercus (larvareal ''[[Taenia solium]]'') |
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|[[Fasciola hepatica]] |
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* '''Roundworms''' (nematodes) |
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|common or sheep liver fluke |
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** Filarial roundworms |
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|underwater vegetation, especially watercress, near sheep-rearing in South America, Europe, and Middle East |
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*** ''[[Onchocerca volvulus]]'' (river blindness) |
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|[[triclabendazole]] |
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*** ''[[Loa loa]]'' (eye worm) |
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|- |
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*** ''[[Wucheria bancrofti]]'' (lymphatic filariasis) |
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|[[Opisthorchis viverrini]] |
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*** ''[[Dracunculus medinensis]]'' (Guinea worm) |
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|Southeast Asian liver fluke |
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*** ''[[Mansonella perstans]]'' |
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|freshwater fish in Southeast Asia |
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** Non-filarial roundworms |
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|[[praziquantel]] or [[albendazole]] |
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*** Intestinal roundworms |
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|- |
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**** ''[[Ascaris lumbricoides]]'' (great roundworm) |
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|[[Clonorchis sinensis]] |
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**** ''[[Necator americanus]]'' (New World hookworm) |
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|Chinese liver fluke |
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**** ''[[Ancylostoma duodenale]]'' (Old World hookworm) |
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|fish in Southeast Asia and eastern Russia |
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**** ''[[Strongyloides stercoralis]]'' (threadworm) |
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|[[praziquantel]] or [[albendazole]] |
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**** ''[[Trichuris trichuria]]'' (whipworm) |
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|- |
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**** ''[[Enterobius vermicularis]]'' (pinworm) |
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| rowspan="3" |intestinal flukes |
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*** Tissue roundworms |
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|[[Fasciolopsis buskii]] |
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**** ''[[Trichinella spiralis]]'' (pork worm) |
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| |
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**** ''[[Ancylostoma braziliense]]'' and other spp. ([[cutaneous larva migrans]], creeping eruption) |
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|water vegetables, especially watercress, bamboo, and water chestnuts in China, India, Thailand, and Bangladesh; pig reservoir |
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**** ''[[Toxocara canis]]'' and ''[[Toxocara cani]]'' ([[visceral larva migrans]]) |
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|[[praziquantel]] |
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**** ''[[Baylisascaris procyonis]]'' |
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|- |
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|[[Metagonimus]] |
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| |
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|fish in Middle and Far East |
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|[[praziquantel]] |
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|- |
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|[[Heterophyes heterophyes]] |
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| |
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|eating undercooked fresh/brackish water fish in Egypt and Middle and Far East |
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|[[praziquantel]] |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" |blood flukes |
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|[[Schistosoma haematobium]] |
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|blood fluke |
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|freshwater in Africa and the Middle East |
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|[[praziquantel]] |
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|- |
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|[[Schistosoma mansoni]] |
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|blood fluke |
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|freshwater in Africa, the Middle East, and South America |
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|[[praziquantel]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="5" |Platyhelminths: [[cestodes]] (tapeworms) |
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|- |
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|pseudophyllideans |
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|[[Diphyllobothrium latum]] |
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|fish tapeworm |
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|undercooked/smoked/pickled fish in Scandinavia, Siberia, Russia, Japan, Chile, and Uganda |
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|[[praziquantel]] |
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|- |
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| rowspan="3" |intestinal cyclophyllideans |
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|[[Taenia solium]] |
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|pork tapeworm |
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|eating undercooked pork |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[Taenia saginata]] |
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|beef tapeworm |
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|eating undercooked beef |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[Hymenolepis nana]] |
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|dwarf tapeworm |
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| |
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|[[praziquantel]] |
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|- |
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| rowspan="3" |tissue cyclophyllideans |
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|[[Echinococcus granulosus]] |
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|hydatid worm |
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| |
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|[[albendazole]] |
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|- |
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|[[Echinococcus multilocularis]] |
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|alveolar hydatid disease |
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| |
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|[[albendazole]] |
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|- |
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|[[Taenia solium]] |
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|cysticercosis |
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|eating soil contaminated with pig or human feces |
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|[[albendazole]] or [[praziquantel]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="5" |[[Nematodes]] (roundworms) |
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|- |
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| rowspan="8" |filarial roundworms |
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|[[Onchocerca volvulus]] |
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|river blindness |
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| |
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|[[ivermectin]] |
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|- |
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|[[Loa loa]] |
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|eye worm |
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| |
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|[[diethylcarbamazine]] |
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|- |
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|[[Wuchereria bancrofti]] |
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|lymphatic filariasis |
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| |
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|[[diethylcarbamazine]] |
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|- |
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|[[Brugia malayi]] |
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|lymphatic filariasis |
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| |
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|[[diethylcarbamazine]] |
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|- |
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|[[Brugia timori]] |
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|lymphatic filariasis |
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| |
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|[[diethylcarbamazine]] |
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|- |
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|[[Mansonella perstans]] |
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| |
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| |
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|maybe [[doxycycline]] |
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|- |
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|[[Mansonella streptocerca]] |
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| |
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| |
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|maybe [[doxycycline]] |
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|- |
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|[[Mansonella ozzardi]] |
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| |
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| |
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|maybe [[doxycycline]] |
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|- |
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| rowspan="10" |intestinal roundworms |
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|[[Ascaris lumbricoides]] |
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|great roundworm |
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| |
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|[[albendazole]] or [[mebendazole]] or [[ivermectin]] |
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|- |
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|[[Necator americanus]] |
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|New World hookworm |
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| |
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|[[albendazole]] or [[mebendazole]] or [[pyrantel pamoate]] |
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|- |
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|[[Ancylostoma duodenale]] |
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|Old World hookworm |
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| |
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|[[albendazole]] or [[mebendazole]] or [[pyrantel pamoate]] |
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|- |
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|[[Strongyloides stercoralis]] |
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|threadworm |
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|immunosuppression in a person who has ever spent time on a tropical beach |
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|[[ivermectin]] ± [[albendazole]] |
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|- |
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|[[Trichuris trichiura]] |
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|whipworm |
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| |
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|[[albendazole]] |
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|- |
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|[[Enterobius vermicularis]] |
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|pinworm |
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| |
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|[[albendazole]] or [[mebendazole]] or [[pyrantel pamoate]] |
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|- |
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|[[Capillaria]] |
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| |
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| |
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|[[mebendazole]] |
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|- |
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|[[Trichostrongylus]] |
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| |
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| |
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|[[pyrantel pamoate]] |
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|- |
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|[[Anisakis]] |
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|anisakidosis |
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| |
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|endoscopic removal |
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|- |
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|[[Gongylonema]] |
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|gullet worm |
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|ingestion of food or water contaminated by sheep or pig feves |
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|surgical removal or [[albendazole]] |
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|- |
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| rowspan="8" |tissue-invasive roundworms |
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|[[Trichinella spiralis]] |
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|pork worm |
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|eating undercooked pig, boar, or bear meat |
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|[[albendazole]] plus steroids |
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|- |
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|[[Anyclostoma braziliense]] |
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|cutaneous larva migrans |
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| |
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|[[albendazole]] or [[ivermectin]] |
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|- |
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|[[Ancylostoma caninum]] |
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|eosinophilic enterocolitis |
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| |
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|[[albendazole]] or [[mebendazole]] or endoscopic removal |
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|- |
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|[[Dracunculus medinensis]] |
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|Guinea worm |
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| |
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|none |
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|- |
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|[[Toxocara]] |
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|[[visceral larva migrans]] |
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| |
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|[[albendazole]] or [[mebendazole]] |
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|- |
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|[[Angiostrongylus cantonensis]] |
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|rat lungworm |
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| |
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|controversial |
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|- |
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|[[Gnathostoma]] |
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| |
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| |
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|[[albendazole]] or [[ivermectin]] ± surgical removal |
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|- |
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|[[Baylisascaris procyonis]] |
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|raccoon roundworm |
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| |
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|[[albendazole]] + steroids |
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|} |
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== |
==Investigations== |
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* Eosinophilia seen in tissue-invasive worms, not in those that live in the gut or in cystic structures |
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*[[Eosinophilia]] seen in tissue-invasive worms, not in those that live in the gut or in cystic structures |
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[[Category:Helminths]] |
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[[Category:Parasites]] |
Latest revision as of 02:48, 8 February 2022
Group | Species | Common Name | Exposure | Treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Platyhelminths: trematodes (flukes) | ||||
lung flukes | Paragonimus | lung fluke | seafood, especially crayfish or crab in Southeast Asia | praziquantel |
liver flukes | Fasciola hepatica | common or sheep liver fluke | underwater vegetation, especially watercress, near sheep-rearing in South America, Europe, and Middle East | triclabendazole |
Opisthorchis viverrini | Southeast Asian liver fluke | freshwater fish in Southeast Asia | praziquantel or albendazole | |
Clonorchis sinensis | Chinese liver fluke | fish in Southeast Asia and eastern Russia | praziquantel or albendazole | |
intestinal flukes | Fasciolopsis buskii | water vegetables, especially watercress, bamboo, and water chestnuts in China, India, Thailand, and Bangladesh; pig reservoir | praziquantel | |
Metagonimus | fish in Middle and Far East | praziquantel | ||
Heterophyes heterophyes | eating undercooked fresh/brackish water fish in Egypt and Middle and Far East | praziquantel | ||
blood flukes | Schistosoma haematobium | blood fluke | freshwater in Africa and the Middle East | praziquantel |
Schistosoma mansoni | blood fluke | freshwater in Africa, the Middle East, and South America | praziquantel | |
Platyhelminths: cestodes (tapeworms) | ||||
pseudophyllideans | Diphyllobothrium latum | fish tapeworm | undercooked/smoked/pickled fish in Scandinavia, Siberia, Russia, Japan, Chile, and Uganda | praziquantel |
intestinal cyclophyllideans | Taenia solium | pork tapeworm | eating undercooked pork | |
Taenia saginata | beef tapeworm | eating undercooked beef | ||
Hymenolepis nana | dwarf tapeworm | praziquantel | ||
tissue cyclophyllideans | Echinococcus granulosus | hydatid worm | albendazole | |
Echinococcus multilocularis | alveolar hydatid disease | albendazole | ||
Taenia solium | cysticercosis | eating soil contaminated with pig or human feces | albendazole or praziquantel | |
Nematodes (roundworms) | ||||
filarial roundworms | Onchocerca volvulus | river blindness | ivermectin | |
Loa loa | eye worm | diethylcarbamazine | ||
Wuchereria bancrofti | lymphatic filariasis | diethylcarbamazine | ||
Brugia malayi | lymphatic filariasis | diethylcarbamazine | ||
Brugia timori | lymphatic filariasis | diethylcarbamazine | ||
Mansonella perstans | maybe doxycycline | |||
Mansonella streptocerca | maybe doxycycline | |||
Mansonella ozzardi | maybe doxycycline | |||
intestinal roundworms | Ascaris lumbricoides | great roundworm | albendazole or mebendazole or ivermectin | |
Necator americanus | New World hookworm | albendazole or mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate | ||
Ancylostoma duodenale | Old World hookworm | albendazole or mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate | ||
Strongyloides stercoralis | threadworm | immunosuppression in a person who has ever spent time on a tropical beach | ivermectin ± albendazole | |
Trichuris trichiura | whipworm | albendazole | ||
Enterobius vermicularis | pinworm | albendazole or mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate | ||
Capillaria | mebendazole | |||
Trichostrongylus | pyrantel pamoate | |||
Anisakis | anisakidosis | endoscopic removal | ||
Gongylonema | gullet worm | ingestion of food or water contaminated by sheep or pig feves | surgical removal or albendazole | |
tissue-invasive roundworms | Trichinella spiralis | pork worm | eating undercooked pig, boar, or bear meat | albendazole plus steroids |
Anyclostoma braziliense | cutaneous larva migrans | albendazole or ivermectin | ||
Ancylostoma caninum | eosinophilic enterocolitis | albendazole or mebendazole or endoscopic removal | ||
Dracunculus medinensis | Guinea worm | none | ||
Toxocara | visceral larva migrans | albendazole or mebendazole | ||
Angiostrongylus cantonensis | rat lungworm | controversial | ||
Gnathostoma | albendazole or ivermectin ± surgical removal | |||
Baylisascaris procyonis | raccoon roundworm | albendazole + steroids |
Investigations
- Eosinophilia seen in tissue-invasive worms, not in those that live in the gut or in cystic structures