Cellulitis: Difference between revisions

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== Background ==
* Infection of superficial skin and skin structures
 
   
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*Infection of superficial skin and skin structures
= Etiology =
 
   
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===Microbiology===
* ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'' (much more common)
 
* ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' (especially if purulent)
 
* Rare, depending on exposures:
 
** Hand or foot puncture: ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''
 
** Facial cellulitis in children: ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''
 
** Human bite wounds: Anaerobes, ''[[Eikenella]]'', [[viridans-group Streptococci]]
 
** Cat or dog bites: ''[[Pasteurella multocida]]''
 
** Saltwater exposure: ''[[Vibrio vulnificus]]'' (e.g. injury on coral)
 
** Fresh- or saltwater exposure: ''[[Aeromonas hydrophila]]'' (e.g. leech bites)
 
** Butchers: ''[[Erysipelothrix]]'' (erysipeloid)
 
   
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*''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'' (much more common)
= Differential Diagnosis =
 
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*''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' (especially if purulent)
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*Rare, depending on exposures:
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**Hand or foot puncture: ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''
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**Facial cellulitis in children: ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''
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**Human bite wounds: [[anaerobes]], ''[[Eikenella]]'', [[Viridans group streptococci]]
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**Cat or dog bites: ''[[Pasteurella multocida]]''
  +
**Saltwater exposure: ''[[Vibrio vulnificus]]'' (e.g. injury on coral)
  +
**Fresh- or saltwater exposure: ''[[Aeromonas hydrophila]]'' (e.g. leech bites)
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**Butchers: ''[[Erysipelothrix]]'' (erysipeloid)
   
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==Clinical Manifestations==
* Skin and soft tissue infections
 
** Cellulitis (Strep/Staph)
 
** Erysipelas (usually Strep)
 
** Abscess (usually Staph)
 
** Folliculitis (usually Staph or Pseudomonas): warm compresses and mupirocin ointment
 
** Impetigo (usually Staph): watchful waiting, or topical or systemic antibiotics
 
** Carbuncles
 
** Necrotizing fasciitis
 
* Other disease
 
** Deep vein thrombosis
 
** Gout (if over a joint)
 
** Erythema nodosum
 
* For an exhaustive list, see [Cellulitis mimickers](Cellulitis mimickers.md)
 
   
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*Hot, red, swollen, tender area of skin with poorly demarcated margins
= Presentation =
 
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*With or without pus and/or bullae
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*Legs more common than elsewhere
   
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== Diagnosis ==
* Hot, red, swollen, tender area of skin with poorly demarcated margins
 
* With or without pus and/or bullae
 
* Legs more common than elsewhere
 
   
  +
* Clinical based on typical appearance
= Management =
 
   
  +
== Differential Diagnosis ==
* Source control: drain any abscess
 
* Antibiotics for 5-7 days
 
* Purulent SSTI
 
** Cephalexin or cefazolin are good first-line empiric choices
 
** Doxycycline or vancomycin can also be considered
 
* Non-purulent SSTI
 
** Cephalexin 500mg po qid or cefazolin 1-2g IV q8h for 5-7 days
 
** If penicillin allergy
 
*** Clindamycin300mg po qid
 
*** Moxifloxacin 400mg po daily
 
*** Linezolid 600mg po bid
 
*** Clindamycin 600mg IV tid
 
*** Vancomycin 1g IV q12h
 
* Non-resolving cellulitis
 
** Bug-drug mismatch
 
** Resistance
 
** Poor antibiotic choice
 
** Unusual organism
 
*** Water exposure (fresh- or saltwater)
 
*** Fish
 
*** Shellfish, meats, hides
 
*** IV drug use
 
*** Animal or human bites
 
** Poor adherence/absorption/distribution
 
** Wrong diagnosis
 
** Impatience!
 
* Complications of infection
 
** Abscess (drain it)
 
** Deep infection
 
** Metastasis
 
   
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*Skin and soft tissue infections
== Prophylaxis ==
 
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**Cellulitis (Strep >> Staph)
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**[[Erysipelas]] (usually Strep)
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**[[Abscess]] (usually Staph)
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**Folliculitis (usually Staph or Pseudomonas): warm compresses and mupirocin ointment
  +
**[[Impetigo]] (usually Staph): watchful waiting, or topical or systemic antibiotics
  +
**Carbuncles
  +
**[[Necrotizing fasciitis]]
  +
*Other disease
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**[[Deep vein thrombosis]]
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**[[Gout]] (if over a joint)
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**[[Erythema nodosum]]
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**[[Acute inflammatory edema]]
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*For an exhaustive list, see [[Cellulitis mimickers]]
   
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==Management==
* May be indicated for patients with recurrent cellulitis
 
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* Penicillin V 250 mg po bid
 
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*Source control: drain any abscess
* Read more: Oh CC ''et al''. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2014.02.011 Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing recurrent cellulitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis]. ''J Infect''. 2014;69(1):26-34.
 
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*Antibiotics for 5-7 days
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**Purulent SSTI
  +
***[[Cephalexin]] or [[cefazolin]] are good first-line empiric choices
  +
***Doxycycline or vancomycin can also be considered
  +
**Non-purulent SSTI
  +
***[[Cephalexin]] 500 mg po qid or [[cefazolin]] 1-2 g IV q8h for 5-7 days
  +
***If penicillin allergy
  +
****[[Clindamycin]] 300 mg po qid
  +
****[[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg po daily
  +
****[[Linezolid]] 600 mg po bid
  +
****[[Clindamycin]] 600 mg IV tid
  +
****[[Vancomycin]] 1 g IV q12h
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*Non-resolving cellulitis
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**Bug-drug mismatch
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**Resistance
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**Poor antibiotic choice
  +
**Unusual organism
  +
***Water exposure (fresh- or saltwater)
  +
***Fish
  +
***Shellfish, meats, hides
  +
***IV drug use
  +
***[[Animal bites|Animal or human bites]]
  +
**Poor adherence/absorption/distribution
  +
**Wrong diagnosis
  +
**Impatience!
  +
*Complications of infection
  +
**[[Abscess]] (drain it)
  +
**Deep infection
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**Metastasis
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===Prophylaxis===
  +
  +
*May be indicated for patients with recurrent cellulitis
  +
*[[Penicillin V]] 250 mg po bid
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*Read more: Oh CC ''et al''. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2014.02.011 Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing recurrent cellulitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis]. ''J Infect''. 2014;69(1):26-34.
   
 
[[Category:Skin and soft tissue infections]]
 
[[Category:Skin and soft tissue infections]]

Latest revision as of 13:46, 14 July 2022

Background

  • Infection of superficial skin and skin structures

Microbiology

Clinical Manifestations

  • Hot, red, swollen, tender area of skin with poorly demarcated margins
  • With or without pus and/or bullae
  • Legs more common than elsewhere

Diagnosis

  • Clinical based on typical appearance

Differential Diagnosis

Management

  • Source control: drain any abscess
  • Antibiotics for 5-7 days
  • Non-resolving cellulitis
    • Bug-drug mismatch
    • Resistance
    • Poor antibiotic choice
    • Unusual organism
    • Poor adherence/absorption/distribution
    • Wrong diagnosis
    • Impatience!
  • Complications of infection
    • Abscess (drain it)
    • Deep infection
    • Metastasis

Prophylaxis