Diabetic foot infection: Difference between revisions
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**[[Anaerobes]], including [[Bacteroides fragilis]] |
**[[Anaerobes]], including [[Bacteroides fragilis]] |
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*Anaerobes are more likely to be involved in deeper, more chronic ulcers |
*Anaerobes are more likely to be involved in deeper, more chronic ulcers |
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== Diagnosis == |
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* Osteomyelitis should be considered in all cases of diabetic foot infection |
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** [[Probe-to-bone test]] should be done routinely |
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** Plain film X-ray can be helpful, though not sensitive |
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** MRI is the preferred diagnostic test, followed by bone and white cell scan |
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** The gold standard is still bone biopsy for histopathology and culture |
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==Management== |
==Management== |
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=== Duration === |
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*After amputation or resection |
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**If good source control, only 2 to 5 days is recommended |
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**If there is persistent infection or necrotic bone, 4 or more weeks |
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*Osteomyelitis |
*Osteomyelitis |
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**Traditionally, 6 weeks of parenteral therapy |
**Traditionally, 6 weeks of parenteral therapy |
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Revision as of 23:04, 13 January 2021
Background
Microbiology
- Typically polymicrobial, including:
- Staphylococcus aureus, which is by far the most common cause of monomicrobial infections
- Coagulase-negative staphylococci
- Streptococcus species
- ENterococcus species
- Enterobacteriaceae
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Anaerobes, including Bacteroides fragilis
- Anaerobes are more likely to be involved in deeper, more chronic ulcers
Diagnosis
- Osteomyelitis should be considered in all cases of diabetic foot infection
- Probe-to-bone test should be done routinely
- Plain film X-ray can be helpful, though not sensitive
- MRI is the preferred diagnostic test, followed by bone and white cell scan
- The gold standard is still bone biopsy for histopathology and culture
Management
| Severity | Common Pathogens | Antibiotics | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mild | methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species | dicloxacillin | qid dosing and very narrow-spectrum |
| clindamycin | active against MRSA but higher risk of CDAD | ||
| cephalexin | qid dosing | ||
| levofloxacin | not as effective against Staphylococcus aureus | ||
| amoxicillin-clavulanic acid | broad-spectrum, includes anaerobic coverage | ||
| methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | doxycycline | uncertain activity against streptococci | |
| TMP-SMX | uncertain activity against streptococci | ||
| moderate or severe | MSSA, Streptococcus species, Enterobacteriaceae, anaerobes | levofloxacin | suboptimal against MSSA |
| cefoxitin | |||
| ceftriaxone | |||
| ampicillin-sulbactam | |||
| moxifloxacin | |||
| ertapenem | |||
| tigecycline | |||
| fluoroquinolone with clindamycin | |||
| imipenem-cilastatin | |||
| MRSA | linezolid | ||
| daptomycin | |||
| vancomycin | |||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | piperacillin-tazobactam |
Duration
- After amputation or resection
- If good source control, only 2 to 5 days is recommended
- If there is persistent infection or necrotic bone, 4 or more weeks
- Osteomyelitis
- Traditionally, 6 weeks of parenteral therapy
- May be able to shorten to 3 weeks if adequately debrided, based on more recent evidence1
Further Reading
- The Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcer Microbiome IsAssociated With Clinical Factors. Diabetes. 2013;62:923-930.
References
- ^ Karim Gariani, Truong-Thanh Pham, Benjamin Kressmann, François R Jornayvaz, Giacomo Gastaldi, Dimitrios Stafylakis, Jacques Philippe, Benjamin A Lipsky, İlker Uçkay. Three versus six weeks of antibiotic therapy for diabetic foot osteomyelitis: A prospective, randomized, non-inferiority pilot trial. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1758.
