Helminths

Group	Species	Common Name	Exposure	Treatment
Platyhelminths: trematodes (flukes)
lung flukes	Paragonimus	lung fluke	seafood, especially crayfish or crab in Southeast Asia	praziquantel
liver flukes	Fasciola hepatica	common or sheep liver fluke	underwater vegetation, especially watercress, near sheep-rearing in South America, Europe, and Middle East	triclabendazole
	Opisthorchis viverrini	Southeast Asian liver fluke	freshwater fish in Southeast Asia	praziquantel or albendazole
	Clonorchis sinensis	Chinese liver fluke	fish in Southeast Asia and eastern Russia	praziquantel or albendazole
intestinal flukes	Fasciolopsis buskii		water vegetables, especially watercress, bamboo, and water chestnuts in China, India, Thailand, and Bangladesh; pig reservoir	praziquantel
	Metagonimus		fish in Middle and Far East	praziquantel
	Heterophyes heterophyes		eating undercooked fresh/brackish water fish in Egypt and Middle and Far East	praziquantel
blood flukes	Schistosoma haematobium	blood fluke	freshwater in Africa and the Middle East	praziquantel
	Schistosoma mansoni	blood fluke	freshwater in Africa, the Middle East, and South America	praziquantel
Platyhelminths: cestodes (tapeworms)
pseudophyllideans	Diphyllobothrium latum	fish tapeworm	undercooked/smoked/pickled fish in Scandinavia, Siberia, Russia, Japan, Chile, and Uganda	praziquantel
intestinal cyclophyllideans	Taenia solium	pork tapeworm	eating undercooked pork
	Taenia saginata	beef tapeworm	eating undercooked beef
	Hymenolepis nana	dwarf tapeworm		praziquantel
tissue cyclophyllideans	Echinococcus granulosus	hydatid worm		albendazole
	Echinococcus multilocularis	alveolar hydatid disease		albendazole
	Taenia solium	cysticercosis	eating soil contaminated with pig or human feces	albendazole or praziquantel
Nematodes (roundworms)
filarial roundworms	Onchocerca volvulus	river blindness		ivermectin
	Loa loa	eye worm		diethylcarbamazine
	Wuchereria bancrofti	lymphatic filariasis		diethylcarbamazine
	Brugia malayi	lymphatic filariasis		diethylcarbamazine
	Brugia timori	lymphatic filariasis		diethylcarbamazine
	Mansonella perstans			maybe doxycycline
	Mansonella streptocerca			maybe doxycycline
	Mansonella ozzardi			maybe doxycycline
intestinal roundworms	Ascaris lumbricoides	great roundworm		albendazole or mebendazole or ivermectin
	Necator americanus	New World hookworm		albendazole or mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate
	Ancylostoma duodenale	Old World hookworm		albendazole or mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate
	Strongyloides stercoralis	threadworm	immunosuppression in a person who has ever spent time on a tropical beach	ivermectin ± albendazole
	Trichuris trichiura	whipworm		albendazole
	Enterobius vermicularis	pinworm		albendazole or mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate
	Capillaria			mebendazole
	Trichostrongylus			pyrantel pamoate
	Anisakis	anisakidosis		endoscopic removal
	Gongylonema	gullet worm	ingestion of food or water contaminated by sheep or pig feves	surgical removal or albendazole
tissue-invasive roundworms	Trichinella spiralis	pork worm	eating undercooked pig, boar, or bear meat	albendazole plus steroids
	Anyclostoma braziliense	cutaneous larva migrans		albendazole or ivermectin
	Ancylostoma caninum	eosinophilic enterocolitis		albendazole or mebendazole or endoscopic removal
	Dracunculus medinensis	Guinea worm		none
	Toxocara	visceral larva migrans		albendazole or mebendazole
	Angiostrongylus cantonensis	rat lungworm		controversial
	Gnathostoma			albendazole or ivermectin ± surgical removal
	Baylisascaris procyonis	raccoon roundworm		albendazole + steroids

Investigations

• Eosinophilia seen in tissue-invasive worms, not in those that live in the gut or in cystic structures