Protozoa: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable"
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*'''Amoebae''': pseudopodia
  
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!Group
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**Obligate parasites
  
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!Organism
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***''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]''
  
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!Common Name
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***''[[Blastocystis hominis]]'' (maybe)
  
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!Exposure
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**Facultative free-living parasites
  
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!Treatment
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***''[[Naegleria fowleri]]'': causes [[primary amoebic meningoencephalitis]]
  
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|-
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***''[[Balamuthia mandrillaris]]'': causes [[granulomatous amoebic encephalitis]]
  
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! colspan="5" |Amoebae
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***[[Acanthamoeba species]]: cause [[granulomatous amoebic encephalitis]] and [[amoebic keratitis]]
  
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|-
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*'''Flagellates''': regular flagella or kinetoplastic flagella
  
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| rowspan="2" |obligate amoebae
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**'''Non-kinetoplastid''' flagellates
  
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|[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
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***Intestinal: ''[[Giardia lamblia]]'' and ''[[Dientamoeba fragilis]]''
  
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|amebic dysentery
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***Genitourinary: ''[[Trichomonas vaginalis]]''
  
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|
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**'''Kinetoplastid''' flagellates: flagellated protozoa with DNA inside large mitochondria at one end
  
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|[[iodoquinol]] or [[paramomycin]] or [[metronidazole]] or [[tinidazole]]
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***[[Trypanosoma species]]
  
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|-
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****''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'': causes [[American trypanosomiasis]]
  
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|[[Blastocystis hominis]]
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****''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'': causes [[human African trypanosomiasis]]
  
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|
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*****''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'' subsp. ''gambiense'': causes [[West African trypanosomiasis]]
  
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|
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*****''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'' subsp. ''rhodesiense'': causes [[East African trypanosomiasis]]
  
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|[[metronidazole]] or [[TMP-SMX]] or [[iodoquinol]]
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*****Other subspecies have case reports of causing human disease
  
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|-
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***[[Leishmania species]]
  
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| rowspan="3" |free-living amoebae
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****Old World, visceralizing: ''L. infantum'', ''L. donovani'' (in India)
  
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|[[Naegleria fowleri]]
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****Old World, tegumentary: ''L. infantum'', ''L. donovani'' (Sri Lanka), ''L. major'', ''L. tropica''
  
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|primary amebic meningoencephalitis
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****New World, visceralizing: ''L. chagasi'' (genetically identical to ''L. infantum'')
  
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|warm freshwater
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****New World, tegumentary:
  
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|combination therapy
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*****Viannia group (should be treated systemically): ''L. braziliensis'', ''L. panamensis'', ''L. guyanensis''
  
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|-
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*****Leishmania group (may need only local treatment): ''L. mexicana''
  
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|[[Balamuthia mandrillaris]]
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*'''Apicomplexa''': gliding, sexual reproduction
  
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|granulomatous amebic encephalitis
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**'''Haemosporida'''
  
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|warm freshwater
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***[[Plasmodium species]]
  
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|combination therapy
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***[[Babesia species]]
  
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|-
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**'''Coccidia''' (not a microbiologically-sound category)
  
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|[[Acanthamoeba]]
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***Blood and tissue
  
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|granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis
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****''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]''
  
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|warm freshwater
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****[[Sarcocystis species]]
  
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|combination therapy
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***Gut
  
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|-
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****[[Cryptosporidium species]]
  
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! colspan="5" |Flagellates
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****''[[Cyclospora cayetanensis]]''
  
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|-
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****''[[Cystoisospora belli]]''
  
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| rowspan="3" |kinetoplastid flagellates
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****[[Sarcocystis species]]
  
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|[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]
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*'''Ciliates''': cilia
  
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|Chagas disease
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**''[[Balantidium coli]]''
  
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|
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|[[benznidazole]] or [[nifurtimox]]
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|-
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|[[Trypanosoma brucei]]
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|African sleeping sickess
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|
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|individualized
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|-
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|[[Leishmania]]
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|leishmaniasis
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|
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|individualized
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|-
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| rowspan="2" |intestinal flagellates
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|[[Giardia lamblia]]
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|giardiasis
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|
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|[[tinidazole]] or [[metronidazole]] or [[nitazoxanide]]
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|-
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|[[Dientamoeba fragilis]]
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|
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|
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|[[paromomycin]] or [[iodoquinol]] or [[metronidazole]]
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|-
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|genitourinary flagellates
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|[[Trichomonas vaginalis]]
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|trichomoniasis
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|
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|[[tinidazole]] or [[metronidazole]]
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|-
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! colspan="5" |Apicomplexa
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|-
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| rowspan="3" |Haemosporida
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|[[Plasmodium falciparum]]
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|malaria
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|
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|[[atovaquone-proguanil]] or [[artesunate]] if severe
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|-
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|Other [[Plasmodium]]
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|malaria
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|
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|[[quinine]] + [[doxycycline]] ± [[primaquine]]
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|-
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|[[Babesia]]
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|babesiosis
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|
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|[[atovaquone]] + [[azithromycin]]
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|-
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| rowspan="2" |blood and tissue coccidia
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|[[Toxoplasma gondii]]
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|toxoplasmosis
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|eating undercooked meat or cat feces
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|[[pyrimethamine]] + [[sulfadiazine]]
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|-
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|[[Sarcocystis]]
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|sarcocystosis
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|eating undercooked meat
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|possibly [[albendazole]]
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|-
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| rowspan="4" |gut coccidia
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|[[Cryptosporidium]]
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|cryptosporidiosis
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|
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|[[nitazoxanide]]
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|-
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|[[Cyclospora cayetanensis]]
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|cyclosporiasis
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|
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|[[TMP-SMX]]
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|-
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|[[Cystoisospora belli]]
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|cystoisoporiasis
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|
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|[[TMP-SMX]]
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|-
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|[[Sarcocystis]]
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|sarcocystosis
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|
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|possibly [[albendazole]]
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|-
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! colspan="5" |Ciliates
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|-
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|gut ciliates
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|[[Balantidium coli]]
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|balantidiasis
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|
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|[[tetracycline]]
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|}
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<br />
   
 
[[Category:Parasites]]
  
[[Category:Parasites]]

Latest revision as of 00:12, 28 January 2022

Group Organism Common Name Exposure Treatment
Amoebae
obligate amoebae Entamoeba histolytica amebic dysentery iodoquinol or paramomycin or metronidazole or tinidazole
Blastocystis hominis metronidazole or TMP-SMX or iodoquinol
free-living amoebae Naegleria fowleri primary amebic meningoencephalitis warm freshwater combination therapy
Balamuthia mandrillaris granulomatous amebic encephalitis warm freshwater combination therapy
Acanthamoeba granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis warm freshwater combination therapy
Flagellates
kinetoplastid flagellates Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas disease benznidazole or nifurtimox
Trypanosoma brucei African sleeping sickess individualized
Leishmania leishmaniasis individualized
intestinal flagellates Giardia lamblia giardiasis tinidazole or metronidazole or nitazoxanide
Dientamoeba fragilis paromomycin or iodoquinol or metronidazole
genitourinary flagellates Trichomonas vaginalis trichomoniasis tinidazole or metronidazole
Apicomplexa
Haemosporida Plasmodium falciparum malaria atovaquone-proguanil or artesunate if severe
Other Plasmodium malaria quinine + doxycycline ± primaquine
Babesia babesiosis atovaquone + azithromycin
blood and tissue coccidia Toxoplasma gondii toxoplasmosis eating undercooked meat or cat feces pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine
Sarcocystis sarcocystosis eating undercooked meat possibly albendazole
gut coccidia Cryptosporidium cryptosporidiosis nitazoxanide
Cyclospora cayetanensis cyclosporiasis TMP-SMX
Cystoisospora belli cystoisoporiasis TMP-SMX
Sarcocystis sarcocystosis possibly albendazole
Ciliates
gut ciliates Balantidium coli balantidiasis tetracycline


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