Protozoa: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable"
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* '''Amoebae''': pseudopodia
  
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!Group
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** Obligate parasites
  
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!Organism
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*** Non-pathogenic
  
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!Common Name
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**** ''[[Entamoeba coli]]'', ''[[Entamoeba dispar]]'', ''[[Entamoeba hartmanii]]'', and ''[[Entamoeba polecki]]''
  
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!Exposure
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**** ''[[Endolimax nana]]''
  
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!Treatment
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**** ''[[Iodamoeba buetschlii]]''
  
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|-
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*** Pathogenic
  
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! colspan="5" |Amoebae
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**** ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]''
  
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|-
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**** ''[[Blastocystis hominis]]'' (maybe)
  
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| rowspan="2" |obligate amoebae
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** Facultative free-living parasites
  
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|[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
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*** ''[[Naegleria fowleri]]'': causes [[primary amoebic meningoencephalitis]]
  
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|amebic dysentery
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*** ''[[Balamuthia mandrillaris]]'': causes [[granulomatous amoebic encephalitis]]
  
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|
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*** [[Acanthamoeba species]]: cause [[granulomatous amoebic encephalitis]] and [[amoebic keratitis]]
  
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|[[iodoquinol]] or [[paramomycin]] or [[metronidazole]] or [[tinidazole]]
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* '''Flagellates''': regular flagella or kinetoplastic flagella
  
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|-
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** '''Non-kinetoplastid''' flagellates
  
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|[[Blastocystis hominis]]
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*** Pathogenic
  
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|
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**** Intestinal: ''[[Giardia lamblia]]'' and ''[[Dientamoeba fragilis]]''
  
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|
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**** Genitourinary: ''[[Trichomonas vaginalis]]''
  
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|[[metronidazole]] or [[TMP-SMX]] or [[iodoquinol]]
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*** Non-pathogenic
  
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|-
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**** Intestinal: ''[[Chilomastix mesnili]]'', ''[[Pentatrichomonas hominis]]''
  
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| rowspan="3" |free-living amoebae
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**** Oral: ''[[Trichomonas tenax]]''
  
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|[[Naegleria fowleri]]
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** '''Kinetoplastid''' flagellates: flagellated protozoa with DNA inside large mitochondria at one end
  
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|primary amebic meningoencephalitis
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*** [[Trypanosoma species]]
  
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|warm freshwater
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**** ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'': causes [[American trypanosomiasis]]
  
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|combination therapy
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**** ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'': causes [[human African trypanosomiasis]]
  
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|-
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***** ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'' subsp. ''gambiense'': causes [[West African trypanosomiasis]]
  
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|[[Balamuthia mandrillaris]]
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***** ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'' subsp. ''rhodesiense'': causes [[East African trypanosomiasis]]
  
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|granulomatous amebic encephalitis
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***** Other subspecies have case reports of causing human disease
  
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|warm freshwater
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*** [[Leishmania species]]
  
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|combination therapy
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**** Old World, visceralizing: ''L. infantum'', ''L. donovani'' (in India)
  
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|-
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**** Old World, tegumentary: ''L. infantum'', ''L. donovani'' (Sri Lanka), ''L. major'', ''L. tropica''
  
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|[[Acanthamoeba]]
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**** New World, visceralizing: ''L. chagasi'' (genetically identical to ''L. infantum'')
  
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|granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis
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**** New World, tegumentary:
  
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|warm freshwater
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***** Viannia group (should be treated systemically): ''L. braziliensis'', ''L. panamensis'', ''L. guyanensis''
  
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|combination therapy
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***** Leishmania group (may need only local treatment): ''L. mexicana''
  
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|-
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* '''Apicomplexa''': gliding, sexual reproduction
  
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! colspan="5" |Flagellates
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** '''Hemosporidia'''
  
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|-
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*** [[Plasmodium species]]
  
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| rowspan="3" |kinetoplastid flagellates
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*** [[Babesia species]]
  
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|[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]
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** '''Coccidia''' (not a microbiologically-sound category)
  
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|Chagas disease
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*** Blood and tissue
  
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|
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**** ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]''
  
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|[[benznidazole]] or [[nifurtimox]]
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**** [[Sarcocystis species]]
  
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|-
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*** Gut
  
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|[[Trypanosoma brucei]]
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**** [[Cryptosporidium species]]
  
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|African sleeping sickess
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**** ''[[Cyclospora cayetanensis]]''
  
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|
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**** ''[[Cystoisospora belli]]''
  
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|individualized
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**** [[Sarcocystis species]]
  
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|-
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* '''Ciliates''': cilia
  
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|[[Leishmania]]
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** ''[[Balantidium coli]]''
  
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|leishmaniasis
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|
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|individualized
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|-
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| rowspan="2" |intestinal flagellates
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|[[Giardia lamblia]]
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|giardiasis
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|
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|[[tinidazole]] or [[metronidazole]] or [[nitazoxanide]]
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|-
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|[[Dientamoeba fragilis]]
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|
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|
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|[[paromomycin]] or [[iodoquinol]] or [[metronidazole]]
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|-
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|genitourinary flagellates
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|[[Trichomonas vaginalis]]
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|trichomoniasis
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|
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|[[tinidazole]] or [[metronidazole]]
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|-
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! colspan="5" |Apicomplexa
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|-
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| rowspan="3" |Haemosporida
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|[[Plasmodium falciparum]]
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|malaria
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|
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|[[atovaquone-proguanil]] or [[artesunate]] if severe
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|-
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|Other [[Plasmodium]]
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|malaria
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|
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|[[quinine]] + [[doxycycline]] ± [[primaquine]]
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|-
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|[[Babesia]]
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|babesiosis
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|
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|[[atovaquone]] + [[azithromycin]]
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|-
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| rowspan="2" |blood and tissue coccidia
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|[[Toxoplasma gondii]]
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|toxoplasmosis
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|eating undercooked meat or cat feces
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|[[pyrimethamine]] + [[sulfadiazine]]
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|-
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|[[Sarcocystis]]
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|sarcocystosis
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|eating undercooked meat
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|possibly [[albendazole]]
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|-
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| rowspan="4" |gut coccidia
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|[[Cryptosporidium]]
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|cryptosporidiosis
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|
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|[[nitazoxanide]]
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|-
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|[[Cyclospora cayetanensis]]
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|cyclosporiasis
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|
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|[[TMP-SMX]]
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|-
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|[[Cystoisospora belli]]
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|cystoisoporiasis
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|
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|[[TMP-SMX]]
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|-
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|[[Sarcocystis]]
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|sarcocystosis
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|
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|possibly [[albendazole]]
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|-
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! colspan="5" |Ciliates
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|-
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|gut ciliates
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|[[Balantidium coli]]
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|balantidiasis
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|
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|[[tetracycline]]
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|}
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<br />
   
 
[[Category:Parasites]]
  
[[Category:Parasites]]

Latest revision as of 00:12, 28 January 2022

Group Organism Common Name Exposure Treatment
Amoebae
obligate amoebae Entamoeba histolytica amebic dysentery iodoquinol or paramomycin or metronidazole or tinidazole
Blastocystis hominis metronidazole or TMP-SMX or iodoquinol
free-living amoebae Naegleria fowleri primary amebic meningoencephalitis warm freshwater combination therapy
Balamuthia mandrillaris granulomatous amebic encephalitis warm freshwater combination therapy
Acanthamoeba granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis warm freshwater combination therapy
Flagellates
kinetoplastid flagellates Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas disease benznidazole or nifurtimox
Trypanosoma brucei African sleeping sickess individualized
Leishmania leishmaniasis individualized
intestinal flagellates Giardia lamblia giardiasis tinidazole or metronidazole or nitazoxanide
Dientamoeba fragilis paromomycin or iodoquinol or metronidazole
genitourinary flagellates Trichomonas vaginalis trichomoniasis tinidazole or metronidazole
Apicomplexa
Haemosporida Plasmodium falciparum malaria atovaquone-proguanil or artesunate if severe
Other Plasmodium malaria quinine + doxycycline ± primaquine
Babesia babesiosis atovaquone + azithromycin
blood and tissue coccidia Toxoplasma gondii toxoplasmosis eating undercooked meat or cat feces pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine
Sarcocystis sarcocystosis eating undercooked meat possibly albendazole
gut coccidia Cryptosporidium cryptosporidiosis nitazoxanide
Cyclospora cayetanensis cyclosporiasis TMP-SMX
Cystoisospora belli cystoisoporiasis TMP-SMX
Sarcocystis sarcocystosis possibly albendazole
Ciliates
gut ciliates Balantidium coli balantidiasis tetracycline


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