Actinotignum schaalii: Difference between revisions
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Actinotignum schaalii
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+ | ==Background== |
| − | === |
+ | ===Microbiology=== |
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+ | *Small, non-motile, non-spore forming, facultatively anaerobic [[Stain::Gram-positive]] [[Shape::bacillus]] |
| − | * |
+ | *Grows slowly on blood agar |
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+ | *Previously known as ''Actinobaculum schaalii'' |
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+ | *Classified within the family [[Actinomycetaceae]], which also includes [[Arcanobacterium]] and [[Trueperella]] |
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+ | *Member of the genitourinary microflora |
| − | === |
+ | ===Epidemiology=== |
| − | * |
+ | *Occurs most often in patients older than 60 years or in children |
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+ | *May be more common in patients with preexisting genitourinary conditions, including [[bladder cancer]], [[urinary incontinence]], [[urinary catheterization]], [[BPH]], [[neurogenic bladder]], [[urethral stenosis]], and [[prostate cancer]], as well as in immunocompromised hosts |
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+ | ==Clinical Manifestations== |
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+ | *Rare, with only a few hundred cases described to date[[CiteRef::lotte2016ac]] |
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+ | *Mostly causes [[urinary tract infection]] (70% of cases published by 2016), which includes [[cystitis]] or [[prostatitis]] (40%), [[urosepsis]] or [[pyelonephritis]] (29%), [[epididymitis]] (0.5%), and bladder necrosis (0.5%) |
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+ | *Also causes [[bacteremia]] (19%), [[Abscess|abscesses]] mostly in the groin but also elsewhere (7%), [[cellulitis]] (1.5%), [[discitis]] (1.5%), [[endocarditis]] (0.5%), and [[Fournier gangrene]] (0.5%) |
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+ | ==Management== |
| − | * |
+ | *Susceptible to all [[β-lactams]], as well as [[tetracyclines]], [[vancomycin]], [[linezolid]], [[rifampin]], and [[nitrofurantoin]] |
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+ | *May be susceptible to [[fosfomycin]] |
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+ | *Can have reduced susceptibility to [[gentamicin]] and can be resistant to [[macrolides]], [[lincosamides]], [[TMP-SMX]], and [[ciprofloxacin]] (though may be susceptible to [[levofloxacin]] and [[moxifloxacin]]) |
| − | == |
+ | ==Further Reading== |
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+ | *''Actinotignum schaalii'' (formerly ''Actinobaculum schaalii''): a newly recognized pathogen—review of the literature. ''Clin Microbiol Infect''. 2016;22(1):28-36. doi: [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.038 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.038] |
| + | *Clinical and microbiological features of ''Actinotignum'' bacteremia: a retrospective observational study of 57 cases. ''Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis''. 2017;36(5):791–796. doi: [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-016-2862-y 10.1007/s10096-016-2862-y] |
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Actinotignum schaalii''}} |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Actinotignum schaalii''}} |
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Latest revision as of 20:37, 5 December 2020
Background
Microbiology
- Small, non-motile, non-spore forming, facultatively anaerobic Gram-positive bacillus
- Grows slowly on blood agar
- Previously known as Actinobaculum schaalii
- Classified within the family Actinomycetaceae, which also includes Arcanobacterium and Trueperella
- Member of the genitourinary microflora
Epidemiology
- Occurs most often in patients older than 60 years or in children
- May be more common in patients with preexisting genitourinary conditions, including bladder cancer, urinary incontinence, urinary catheterization, BPH, neurogenic bladder, urethral stenosis, and prostate cancer, as well as in immunocompromised hosts
Clinical Manifestations
- Rare, with only a few hundred cases described to date1
- Mostly causes urinary tract infection (70% of cases published by 2016), which includes cystitis or prostatitis (40%), urosepsis or pyelonephritis (29%), epididymitis (0.5%), and bladder necrosis (0.5%)
- Also causes bacteremia (19%), abscesses mostly in the groin but also elsewhere (7%), cellulitis (1.5%), discitis (1.5%), endocarditis (0.5%), and Fournier gangrene (0.5%)
Management
- Susceptible to all β-lactams, as well as tetracyclines, vancomycin, linezolid, rifampin, and nitrofurantoin
- May be susceptible to fosfomycin
- Can have reduced susceptibility to gentamicin and can be resistant to macrolides, lincosamides, TMP-SMX, and ciprofloxacin (though may be susceptible to levofloxacin and moxifloxacin)
Further Reading
- Actinotignum schaalii (formerly Actinobaculum schaalii): a newly recognized pathogen—review of the literature. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(1):28-36. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.038
- Clinical and microbiological features of Actinotignum bacteremia: a retrospective observational study of 57 cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;36(5):791–796. doi: 10.1007/s10096-016-2862-y
References
- ^ R. Lotte, L. Lotte, R. Ruimy. Actinotignum schaalii (formerly Actinobaculum schaalii ): a newly recognized pathogen—review of the literature. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2016;22(1):28-36. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.038.
