Pulmonary emphysema
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Revision as of 14:19, 28 September 2023 by Aidan (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Background == * A form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement of the distal airspaces and destruction of airspace walls === Morphological Subtypes === {| class="wikitable" !Subtype !Description !Associations |- |Centrilobular emphysema |Most common, usually an upper lobe predominance |Closely associated with smoking |- |Panlobular emphysema |Involves entire acinus, more severe in lower lobes |alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency or I...")
Background
- A form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement of the distal airspaces and destruction of airspace walls
Morphological Subtypes
| Subtype | Description | Associations |
|---|---|---|
| Centrilobular emphysema | Most common, usually an upper lobe predominance | Closely associated with smoking |
| Panlobular emphysema | Involves entire acinus, more severe in lower lobes | alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency or IV methylphenidate use, Swyer-James syndrome, obliterative bronchiolitis |
| Paraseptal emphysema | Occurs adjacent to the pleura and septal lines | Smoking, Marfan syndrome; risk of pneumothorax |
| Paracicatricial emphysema | Occurs adjacent to areas of scarring | Silicosis, granulomatous lung disease, tuberculosis, pneumonia, pulmonary embolismcausing infarct |
Risk Factors
- Tobacco smoking (90% of cases)
- Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
- Stimulant use disorder with injected methylphenidate ("Ritalin lung")
Clinical Manifestations
- Dyspnea
- Decreased breath sounds, lung hyperinflation
- Often moderate to severe airflow obstruction
