Helminths

Group	Species	Common Name	Exposure	Treatment
Platyhelminths: trematodes (flukes)
lung flukes	Paragonimus species	lung fluke		praziquantel
liver flukes	Fasciola hepatica	common or sheep liver fluke		triclabendazole
	Opisthorchis viverrini	Southeast Asian liver fluke		praziquantel or albendazole
	Clonorchis sinensis	Chinese liver fluke		praziquantel or albendazole
	Metorchis conjunctus	Canadian liver fluke		praziquantel
	Dicrocoelium dendriticum	lancet liver fluke
intestinal flukes	Echinostoma revolutum
	Fasciolopsis buskii			praziquantel
	Metagonimus species			praziquantel
	Heterophyes heterophyes		eating undercooked fresh/brackish water fish in Egypt and Middle and Far East	praziquantel
blood flukes	Schistosoma haematobium	blood fluke		praziquantel
	Schistosoma mansoni	blood fluke		praziquantel
Platyhelminths: cestodes (tapeworms)
pseudophyllideans	Diphyllobothrium latum			praziquantel
	Spirometra species
	Sparganum species
intestinal cyclophyllideans	Taenia solium	pork tapeworm	eating undercooked pork
	Taenia saginata	beef tapeworm	eating undercooked beef
	Hymenolepis nana	dwarf tapeworm		praziquantel
	Hymenolepis diminuta
	Dipylidium caninum
tissue cyclophyllideans	Echinococcus granulosus	hydatid worm		albendazole
	Echinococcus multilocularis	alveolar hydatid disease		albendazole
	Taenia solium	cysticercosis	eating soil contaminated with pig or human feces	albendazole or praziquantel
	Taenia multiceps
	Taenia serialis
Nematodes (roundworms)
filarial roundworms	Onchocerca volvulus	river blindness		ivermectin
	Loa loa	eye worm		diethylcarbamazine
	Wuchereria bancrofti	lymphatic filariasis		diethylcarbamazine
	Brugia malayi	lymphatic filariasis		diethylcarbamazine
	Brugia timori	lymphatic filariasis		diethylcarbamazine
	Mansonella perstans			maybe doxycycline
	Mansonella streptocerca			maybe doxycycline
	Mansonella ozzardi			maybe doxycycline
intestinal roundworms	Ascaris lumbricoides	great roundworm		albendazole or mebendazole or ivermectin
	Necator americanus	New World hookworm		albendazole or mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate
	Ancylostoma duodenale	Old World hookworm		albendazole or mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate
	Strongyloides stercoralis	threadworm	immunosuppression in a person who has ever spent time on a tropical beach	ivermectin ± albendazole
	Trichuris trichiura	whipworm		albendazole
	Enterobius vermicularis	pinworm		albendazole or mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate
	Capillaria species			mebendazole
	Trichostrongylus species			pyrantel pamoate
	Anisakis species	anisakidosis		endoscopic removal
	Gongylonema species	gullet worm	ingestion of food or water contaminated by sheep or pig feves	surgical removal or albendazole
tissue-invasive roundworms	Trichinella spiralis	pork worm	eating undercooked pig, boar, or bear meat	albendazole plus steroids
	Anyclostoma braziliense	cutaneous larva migrans		albendazole or ivermectin
	Ancylostoma caninum	eosinophilic enterocolitis		albendazole or mebendazole or endoscopic removal
	Dracunculus medinensis	Guinea worm		none
	Toxocara canis	visceral larva migrans		albendazole or mebendazole
	Toxocara cati	visceral larva migrans		albendazole or mebendazole
	Angiostrongylus cantonensis	rat lungworm		controversial
	Gnathostoma species			albendazole or ivermectin ± surgical removal
	Baylisascaris procyonis	raccoon roundworm		albendazole + steroids
	Dioctophyme renale	giant kidney worm

Investigations

• Eosinophilia seen in tissue-invasive worms, not in those that live in the gut or in cystic structures