Parasites: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:56, 18 December 2019

Eukaryotic single- or multi-cellular organisms

Single-celled (protozoa)

Amoebae: pseudopodia
- Obligate parasites
  - Non-pathogenic
    - Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba hartmanii, and Entamoeba polecki
    - Endolimax nana
    - Iodamoeba buetschlii
  - Pathogenic
    - Entamoeba histolytica
    - Blastocystis hominis (maybe)
- Facultative free-living parasites
  - Naegleria fowleri: causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
  - Balamuthia mandrillaris: causes granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
  - Acanthamoeba species: cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and amoebic keratitis
Flagellates: regular flagella or kinetoplastic flagella
- Non-kinetoplastic flagellates
  - Pathogenic
    - Intestinal: Giardia lamblia and Dientamoeba fragilis
    - Genitourinary: Trichomonas vaginalis
  - Non-pathogenic
    - Intestinal: Chilomastix mesnili, Pentatrichomonas hominis
    - Oral: Trichomonas tenax
- Kinetoplastid flagellates: flagellated protozoa with DNA inside large mitochondria at one end
  - Trypanosoma species
    - Trypanosoma cruzi: causes American trypanosomiasis
    - Trypanosoma brucei: causes human African trypanosomiasis
      - Trypanosoma brucei subsp. gambiense: causes West African trypanosomiasis
      - Trypanosoma brucei subsp. rhodesiense: causes East African trypanosomiasis
      - Other subspecies have case reports of causing human disease
  - Leishmania species
    - Old World, visceralizing: L. infantum, L. donovani (in India)
    - Old World, tegumentary: L. infantum, L. donovani (Sri Lanka), L. major, L. tropica
    - New World, visceralizing: L. chagasi (genetically identical to L. infantum)
    - New World, tegumentary:
      - Viannia group (should be treated systemically): L. braziliensis, L. panamensis, L. guyanensis
      - Leishmania group (may need only local treatment): L. mexicana
Apicomplexa: gliding, sexual reproduction
- Hemosporidia
  - Plasmodium species
  - Babesia species
- Coccidia (not a microbiologically-sound category)
  - Blood and tissue
    - Toxoplasma gondii
    - Sarcocystis species
  - Gut
Ciliates: cilia
- Balantidium coli

Multicellular (helminths)

Nematodes (roundworms)
- Filarial/filariasis
  - Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)
    - Wuchereria bancrofti
    - Brugia malayi
    - Brugia timori
  - Subsutaneous/tissue
    - Onchocerca volvulus
    - Loa loa
  - Serous
    - Mansonella perstans
    - Mansonella ozzardi
- Non-filarial
  - Soil-transmitted
    - Ascaris lumbricoides (great roundworm)
    - Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
    - Hookworm
      - Ancylostoma duodenale (Old World hookworm)
      - Necator americanus (New World hookworm)
    - Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)
  - Non-soil-transmitted
    - Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
    - Trichinella spiralis
    - Balisascaris procyonis
    - Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm)
    - Angiostrongylus cantonensis
    - Anisakis (herring worm)
    - Gnathostoma
Cestodes (tapeworms)
- Taenia saginata
- Taenia solium
  - Adult worm
  - Neurocysticercosis
- Echinococcus
- Diphyllobothrium
Trematodes (flatworms/flukes)
- Lung
  - Paragonimus
- Liver
  - Fasciola hepatica
  - Opisthorchis viverrini & Clonorchis sinensis
- Intestinal
  - Fasciolopsis
- Schistosoma
  - Schistosoma haematobium
  - Schistosoma mansoni

Ectoparasites

Fleas
Lice
- Body lice
- Head lice
- Pubic lice
Scabies
Myiasis
- Dermatobia hominis (human botfly)
- Cordylobia anthropophaga (tumbu fly)
- Cochliomyia hominivorax (New World screwworm fly)
- Chrysomya bezziana (Old World screwworm fly)
Tungiasis
- Tunga penetrants

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 == Single-celled (protozoa) ==
-* '''Amoebae'''
+* '''Amoebae''': pseudopodia
 ** Obligate parasites
+*** Non-pathogenic
-*** ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]''
+**** ''[[Entamoeba coli]]'', ''[[Entamoeba dispar]]'', ''[[Entamoeba hartmanii]]'', and ''[[Entamoeba polecki]]''
-*** Non-pathogenic: other [[Entamoeba species]]
+**** ''[[Endolimax nana]]''
-** Facultative parasites (that are also free-living)
+**** ''[[Iodamoeba buetschlii]]''
-*** [[Naegleria fowleri]]: causes [[primary amoebic meningoencephalitis]]
+*** Pathogenic
-*** [[Balamuthia mandrillaris]]: causes [[granulomatous amoebic encephalitis]]
+**** ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]''
-*** [[Acanthamoeba species]]: causes [[granulomatous amoebic encephalitis]] and [[amoebic keratitis]]
+**** ''[[Blastocystis hominis]]'' (maybe)
-* '''Flagellates'''
+** Facultative free-living parasites
-** Non-kinetoplastic gut flagellates
+*** ''[[Naegleria fowleri]]'': causes [[primary amoebic meningoencephalitis]]
-*** Pathogenic: [[Giardia lamblia]] and [[Dientamoeba fragilis]]
+*** ''[[Balamuthia mandrillaris]]'': causes [[granulomatous amoebic encephalitis]]
-*** Non-pathogenic: [[Chilomastix mesnili]]
+*** [[Acanthamoeba species]]: cause [[granulomatous amoebic encephalitis]] and [[amoebic keratitis]]
-** Non-kinetoplastic blood and tissue flagellates
+* '''Flagellates''': regular flagella or kinetoplastic flagella
-*** Pathogenic: [[Trichomonas vaginalis]]
+** Non-kinetoplastic flagellates
-*** Non-pathogenic: [[Trichomonas tenax]] and [[Pentatrichomonas hominis]]
+*** Pathogenic
-** Kinetoplastic flagellates: flagellated protozoa with DNA inside large mitochondria at one end
+**** Intestinal: ''[[Giardia lamblia]]'' and ''[[Dientamoeba fragilis]]''
+**** Genitourinary: ''[[Trichomonas vaginalis]]''
+*** Non-pathogenic
+**** Intestinal: ''[[Chilomastix mesnili]]'', ''[[Pentatrichomonas hominis]]''
+**** Oral: ''[[Trichomonas tenax]]''
+** Kinetoplastid flagellates: flagellated protozoa with DNA inside large mitochondria at one end
 *** [[Trypanosoma species]]
-**** [[Trypanosoma cruzii]]: causes [[American trypanosomiasis]]
+**** ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'': causes [[American trypanosomiasis]]
-**** [[Trypanosoma brucei]]: causes [[human African trypanosomiasis]]
+**** ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'': causes [[human African trypanosomiasis]]
-***** [[Trypanosoma brucei]] subsp. gambiense: causes [[West African trypanosomiasis]]
+***** ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'' subsp. ''gambiense'': causes [[West African trypanosomiasis]]
-***** [[Trypanosoma brucei]] subsp. rhodesiense: causes [[East African trypanosomiasis]]
+***** ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'' subsp. ''rhodesiense'': causes [[East African trypanosomiasis]]
 ***** Other subspecies have case reports of causing human disease
 *** [[Leishmania species]]
@@ Line 31: / Line 37: @@
 ***** Viannia group (should be treated systemically): ''L. braziliensis'', ''L. panamensis'', ''L. guyanensis''
 ***** Leishmania group (may need only local treatment): ''L. mexicana''
-* '''Apicomplexa''' (sexual reproduction)
+* '''Apicomplexa''': gliding, sexual reproduction
 ** Hemosporidia
 *** [[Plasmodium species]]
 *** [[Babesia species]]
 ** Coccidia (not a microbiologically-sound category)
-*** Blood and tissue: [[Toxoplasma gondii]]
+*** Blood and tissue
+**** ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]''
-*** Gut: [[Cryptosporidium species]], [[Cyclospora species]], [[Cystoisopora species]]
-*** Both: [[Sarcocystis species]]
+**** [[Sarcocystis species]]
+*** Gut
-* '''Ciliates'''
+**** [[Cryptosporidium species]]
+**** ''[[Cyclospora cayetanensis]]''
+**** [[Cystoisopora species]]
+**** [[Sarcocystis species]]
+* '''Ciliates''': cilia
 ** ''[[Balantidium coli]]''