Peripheral blood film: Difference between revisions
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* Agglutination: suggests IgM, either expected response to infection or autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
* Agglutination: suggests IgM, either expected response to infection or autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
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* Rouleaux: may be artifact from poor preparaction; otherwise, it is caused by an increase in certain proteins, such as immunoglobulins and fibrinogen, and can be seen in infection (acute or chronic), [[connective tissue disease]], [[chronic liver disease]], and [[myeloma]] and [[macroglobulinemia]] |
* [[Rouleaux]]: may be artifact from poor preparaction; otherwise, it is caused by an increase in certain proteins, such as immunoglobulins and fibrinogen, and can be seen in infection (acute or chronic), [[connective tissue disease]], [[chronic liver disease]], and [[myeloma]] and [[macroglobulinemia]], [[paraproteinemia]] |
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[[paraproteinemia]] |
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=== Morphology === |
=== Morphology === |
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* Anisocytosis: size |
* [[Anisocytosis]]: size |
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* Poikilocytosis: shape |
* [[Poikilocytosis]]: shape |
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* Spherocytosis: |
* [[Spherocytosis]]: [[hereditary spherocytosis]] (HS) or [[autoimmune hemolytic anemia]] |
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* Acanthocytes: irregular cellular projections seen in hyposplenism |
* [[Acanthocytes]]: irregular cellular projections seen in [[hyposplenism]] |
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* Echinocytes (burr cells): regular cellular projections that is usually artefact |
* [[Echinocytes]] (burr cells): regular cellular projections that is usually artefact |
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* Bite cells: oxidative stress, like G6PD deficiency |
* [[Bite cells]]: oxidative stress, like [[G6PD deficiency]] |
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=== Size === |
=== Size === |
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* [[CLL]] |
* [[CLL]] |
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** Smudge cells |
** [[Smudge cells]] |
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** Soccer ball cells |
** [[Soccer ball cells]] |
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* Reactive changes |
* Reactive changes |
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** |
** [[Döhle bodies]]: diffuse blue dot in cytoplasm |
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** [[Toxic granulation]] |
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** Hypergranulation |
** Hypergranulation |
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** Vacuolation |
** Vacuolation |
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* Left shift: increase in |
* [[Left shift]]: increase in |
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** Promyelocytes |
** Promyelocytes |
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** Myelocytes |
** Myelocytes |
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** Neutrophils |
** Neutrophils |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Investigations]] |
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[[Category:Hematology]] |
[[Category:Hematology]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:11, 19 September 2024
Erythrocytes
Distribution
- Agglutination: suggests IgM, either expected response to infection or autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- Rouleaux: may be artifact from poor preparaction; otherwise, it is caused by an increase in certain proteins, such as immunoglobulins and fibrinogen, and can be seen in infection (acute or chronic), connective tissue disease, chronic liver disease, and myeloma and macroglobulinemia, paraproteinemia
Morphology
- Anisocytosis: size
- Poikilocytosis: shape
- Spherocytosis: hereditary spherocytosis (HS) or autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- Acanthocytes: irregular cellular projections seen in hyposplenism
- Echinocytes (burr cells): regular cellular projections that is usually artefact
- Bite cells: oxidative stress, like G6PD deficiency
Size
- Microcytic red blood cells
- Iron-deficiency anemia
- Anisopoikilocytosis
- Target cells
- Increased RDW
- Increased platelets
- Thalassemia
- Basophilic stippling
- Increased RBC count to greater than 3x Hgb
- Increased reticulocytes
- Positive HbH test (in alpha-thal) or Hb electrophoresis (in beta-thal)
- Iron-deficiency anemia
- Macrocytic red blood cells
- Megaloblastic with hypersegmented neutrophils
- Vitamin B12 deficiency or folate deficiency
- Myelodysplastic syndrome
- Medications: allopurinol, aminosalicylic acid (decreased folate), antacids (decreased B12), ampicillin and other penicillins (decreased folate), azathioprine, capecitabine, chloramphenicol (decreased folate), cladribine, cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), erythromycin (decreased folate), estrogens (decreased folate), fludarabine, fluorouracil, gadolinium, gemcitabine, histamine H2 blockers (decreased B12), hydroxyurea, imatinib, lamivudine, leflunomide, mercaptopurine, metformin (decreased folate), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, nitrofurantoin (decreased folate), pentostatin, phenytoin (folate), primadone, proton pump inhibitors (decreased B12), sunitinib, teriflunomide, tetracyclines (decreased folate), thioguanine, trimethoprim, zidovudine
- Reticulocytosis
- Hemolytic anemia
- Medications causing hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency: dapsone, methylene blue, nitrofurantoin, pegloticase, primaquine, rasburicase
- Bone marrow recovery after chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplant
- Increased erythropoiesis following administration of erythropoietin, repletion of iron, vitamin B12, or folate
- Recovery from bleeding episode
- Other
- Alcohol
- Liver disease
- Hypothyroidism
- HIV
- Medications: triamterene, valproic acid
- Megaloblastic with hypersegmented neutrophils
Leukocytes
- CLL
- Reactive changes
- Döhle bodies: diffuse blue dot in cytoplasm
- Toxic granulation
- Hypergranulation
- Vacuolation
- Left shift: increase in
- Promyelocytes
- Myelocytes
- Metamyelocytes
- Bands
- Neutrophils
