Vaccine-preventable diseases
From IDWiki
| Disease | Mode of transmission | Incubation period (range) | Infective period | Basic reproductive number | Vaccine name | Type of vaccine | Number and timing of doses | Effectiveness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diphtheria | mode | 2 to 5 days (1 to 10) | up to 2 weeks (rarely 4 weeks, with very rare asymptomatic chronic shedders) | 6 to 7 | Td, Tdap, DTaP, DTap-Hib-IPV | toxoid | 2, 4, 6, and 18 months; booster at 4 to 6 years and again ten years later | 97 to 100% for at least 10 years |
| Haemophilus influenzae type b | mode | 2 to 4 days | may be prolonged, until 24 hours after antibiotics | subunit conjugate | type of vaccine | 2, 4, 6, and 18 months | 95 to 100% | |
| Hepatitis B | bloodborne and sexually-transmitted | 60 to 90 days (24 to 180) | R0 | monovalent HB, or DTaP-HB-IPV-Hib | subunit | 2 to 3 doses; timing varies by province monovalent: 0, 1, and 6 months |
95 to 100% | |
| HPV | contact | HPV2, HPV4, and HPV9 | recombinant subunit | 0, 2, and 6 months (2 month dose optional if less than 15 years old) | 100% for types covered; prevents 60 to 70% of anogenital and cervical cancers; lasts at least 10 years | |||
| Influenza | droplet | 2 days (1 to 4) | 1 day before to 5 days after symptom onset | 1.3 to 1.8 | IIV or LAIV | inactivated or live attenuated | 1 dose annually; 2 given 6 months apart if first time and under 9 years | 40 to 60% |
| Measles | airborne | 8 to 12 days (7 to 21) | 4 days before to 4 days after rash onset | 12 to 18 | MMR or MMRV | live attentuated | 2 doses in childhood (12 months and 4 to 6 years) (as MMR/MMRV) | 5% have waning immunity within a few years (hence the second dose) |
| Meningococcus | droplet | 3 to 4 days (2 to 10) | Men-C-ACYW (± 4CMenB) | conjugated subunit | varies by province | effectiveness | ||
| Mumps | 16 to 18 days (12 to 25) | up to 5 days after onset of parotitis | 4 to 7 | MMR or MMRV | live attenuated | 2 doses in childhood (12 months and 4 to 6 years) (as MMR/MMRV) | 62% to 91% for 1 dose and 76% to 95% for 2 doses; may wane over years to decades | |
| Pertussis | droplet | 9 to 10 days (6 to 20, rarely up to 42) | greatest during catarrhal period and first 2 weeks after cough onset; no longer contagious after 5 days of antibiotics | 12 to 17 | Tdap, DTaP, DTap-Hib-IPV | toxoid | 2, 4, 6, and 18 months; booster at 4 to 6 years and again 10 years later | 90% for childhood pertussis, and 90% in pregnancy for protecting infants less than 3 months |
| Pneumococcus | droplet | unknown; as short as 1 to 3 days | up to 24 hours following antibiotics | Pneu-C-13 or Pneu-P-23 | conjugate or polysaccharide | Pneu-C-13: 2, 4, and 12 months; or 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months | Pneu-C-13: 86 to 97% against included serotypes; Pneu-P-23: 80% in adults, but 50-80% in elderly and high-risk adults | |
| Polio | fecal-oral | 6 to 20 days (3 to 35) | highest at disease onset, and up to 3 to 6 weeks | 5 to 7 | DTaP-IPV-Hib or DTaP-HB-IPV-Hib (or OPV) | killed (or live attenuated) | 2, 4, 6, and 18 months | 95%, up to 100% with an additional booster |
| Rotavirus | fecal-oral | 18 horus to 3 days | from a few days before to 21 days after symptom onset | mono- or pentavalent | live attenuated | 2 (monovalent) or 3 (pentavalent) doses 4 weeks apart; complete between 6 weeks and 8 months of life | 74 to 87%; 85 to 98% against severe diarrhea | |
| Rubella | droplet | 14 to 17 days (14 to 21) | 1 week before to 4 days after onset of rash (but up to age 1 year for CRS) | 6 to 7 | MMR or MMRV | live attenuated | 1 dose needed, but usually given 2 doses at 12 months and 4 to 6 years as MMR/MMRV | 95% with one dose; may wane in 10% of people over years to decades |
| Smallpox | droplet or contact | 10 to 14 days (7 to 19) | highest in early disease, but infective from onset of rash until all scabs disappear (about 3 weeks) | booster every 10 years if at risk | lyphilized vaccinia | live attenuated | 95% | |
| Tetanus | percutaneous inoculation | 3 to 21 days (1 day to several months) | no person-to-person transmission | Td, Tdap, DTaP, DTap-Hib-IPV | toxoid | 2, 4, 6, and 18 months; booster at 4 to 6 years and again 10 years later | 99% but declines over time | |
| Varicella | airborne | 14 to 16 days (10 to 21 days) | 2 days before rash onset until all lesions crusted | MMRV or VZV | live attenuated | 12 months and again at 18 months to 6 years | 85% with one dose, 98% with two doses (and 100% against severe disease) | |
| Zoster | contact | until all lesions crusted | Zostavax or Shingrix | live attenuated or adjuvanted subunit |
