Liver abscess: Difference between revisions
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+ | ==Background== |
− | === |
+ | ===Microbiology=== |
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− | *** [[Klebsiella species]] |
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− | === Etiology === |
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+ | **Polymicrobial in 20-50% (more in abscesses from biliary source) |
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+ | ***[[Klebsiella]], especially hypermucoviscous [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]] |
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+ | **Fungi (rare): [[Candida]] |
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+ | ===Pathophysiology=== |
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+ | ===Risk Factors=== |
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+ | *Likely more common in [[diabetes mellitus]], cardiopulmonary disease, malignancy, and cirrhosis |
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+ | *Neutrophil dysfunction, including [[chronic granulomatous disease]] |
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+ | *[[Hemochromatosis]], especially for abscesses involving [[Yersinia enterocolitica|''Yersinia enterocolitica'']] |
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+ | ==Clinical Manifestations== |
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+ | *Most common signs are fever, abdominal pain, leukocytosis, and an elevated alkaline phosphatase |
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+ | **Often presents with fevers alone, however |
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+ | *May also have weight loss, diarrhea, RUQ tenderness, and jaundice |
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+ | *The classic triad is considered to be fever, jaundice, and RUQ tenderness |
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+ | ==Investigations== |
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+ | *Blood cultures are about 50% sensitive |
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+ | *Imaging with ultrasound or CT is important |
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+ | *Consider ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'' serology to rule out amoebic liver abscess, since the syndromes cannot reliably be distinguished clinically |
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+ | *Antibiotics should be broad-spectrum, such as [[Is treated by::piperacillin-tazobactam]], [[Is treated by::ertapenem]] or [[Is treated by::meropenem]], [[Is treated by::ceftriaxone]] plus [[Is treated by::metronidazole]], or [[Is treated by::ciprofloxacin]] plus [[Is treated by::metronidazole]] |
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+ | **Can step down to oral therapy after 2 to 3 weeks if responding appropriately |
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[[Category:Intra-abdominal infections]] |
[[Category:Intra-abdominal infections]] |
Latest revision as of 00:02, 1 February 2022
Background
Microbiology
- Pyogenic
- Polymicrobial in 20-50% (more in abscesses from biliary source)
- Gram-negative bacteria
- Escherichia coli
- Klebsiella, especially hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Less common: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Serratia
- Gram-positive bacteria
- Streptococcus, especially Streptococcus anginosus group
- Enterococcus
- Other Viridans group streptococci
- Less common Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes
- Anaerobes
- Bacteroides
- Less common: Fusobacterium, anaerobic streptococci, Clostridium, Lactobacillus
- Fungi (rare): Candida
- Amebic
Pathophysiology
- Pyogenic
- Biliary: most common mechanism, includes ascending cholangitis
- Hematogenous via hepatic artery: from bacteremia
- Hematogenous via portal vein: from an infection abdominal organ duch as diverticulitis, pancreatitis, or appendicitis
- Contiguous spread
- Trauma: including things like ingested toothpicks
- Cryptogenic: second most common mechanism is "unknown"
- Amebic: see Entamoeba histolytica
Risk Factors
- Likely more common in diabetes mellitus, cardiopulmonary disease, malignancy, and cirrhosis
- Neutrophil dysfunction, including chronic granulomatous disease
- Hemochromatosis, especially for abscesses involving Yersinia enterocolitica
Clinical Manifestations
- Most common signs are fever, abdominal pain, leukocytosis, and an elevated alkaline phosphatase
- Often presents with fevers alone, however
- May also have weight loss, diarrhea, RUQ tenderness, and jaundice
- The classic triad is considered to be fever, jaundice, and RUQ tenderness
Investigations
- Blood cultures are about 50% sensitive
- Imaging with ultrasound or CT is important
- Consider Entamoeba histolytica serology to rule out amoebic liver abscess, since the syndromes cannot reliably be distinguished clinically
Management
- Get source control
- Antibiotics should be broad-spectrum, such as piperacillin-tazobactam, ertapenem or meropenem, ceftriaxone plus metronidazole, or ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole
- Treat for 4-6 weeks total, ensuring radiological resolution of abscess
- Can step down to oral therapy after 2 to 3 weeks if responding appropriately