Keratitis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:58, 19 September 2020

Background

Inflammation of the cornea

Etiology

Bacteria
- Gram-positive cocci
- Gram-positive bacilli
- Gram-negative coccobacilli
- Gram-negative bacilli
- Other bacteria
  - Chlamydia trachomatis
  - Treponema pallidum, mostly in congenital syphilis and presents in adolescence
  - Borrelia burgdorferi
  - Nocardia species, associated with surgery
Mycobacteria
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium chelonae, th most common NTM, which are associated with surgery
- Mycobacterium gordonae
- Mycobacterium mycogenicum
Viruses
- Herpes simplex virus, the most common viral cause
- Varicella-zoster virus, which can occur before, during, or after a zoster eruption
- Adenovirus
- Vaccinia virus
- Epstein-Barr virus
- Measles virus
- Enterovirus
- Coxsackievirus
Fungi
- Fusarium species, the most common fungal cause
- Candida species
- Aspergillus species
- Acremonium species
- Alternaria species
- Penicillium species
- Bipolaris species
- Nosema species
- Vitaforma corneae
- Encephalitozoon species
Parasites
- Acanthamoeba polyphaga, Acanthamoeba castellanii, associated with contact lenses
- Onchocerca volvulus
- Leishmania brasiliensis
- Trypanosoma species
Non-infectious causes

Clinical Manifestations

Red, painful eye with foreign body sensation
Decreased visual acuity
Tearing ± purulent discharge (depending on etiology)
Corneal edema
Fluorescein dye may help visualize corneal ulcerations

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Background ==
+==Background==
-* Inflammation of the cornea
+*Inflammation of the cornea
-=== Etiology ===
+===Etiology===
-* Bacteria
+*Bacteria
-** Gram-positive cocci
+**Gram-positive cocci
-*** [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
+***[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
-*** [[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]
+***[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]
-*** [[Streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[Streptococcus pyogenes]], [[viridans group streptococci]]
+***[[Streptococcus pneumoniae|'''Streptococcus pneumoniae''']]
-*** [[Enterococcus faecalis]]
+***[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]
-*** [[Peptostreptococcus species]]
+***[[viridans group streptococci]]
+***[[Enterococcus faecalis]]
-** Gram-positive bacilli
+***[[Peptostreptococcus species]]
-*** [[Bacillus coagulans]], [[Bacillus cereus]], [[Bacillus lichenformis]]
+**Gram-positive bacilli
-*** [[Brevibacillus brevis]], [[Brevibacillus iaterosporus]]
+***[[Bacillus coagulans]], [[Bacillus cereus]], [[Bacillus lichenformis]]
-*** [[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]
-*** [[Clostridium perfringens]], [[Clostridium tetani]]
+***[[Brevibacillus brevis]], [[Brevibacillus iaterosporus]]
+***[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]
-** Gram-negative coccobacilli
+***[[Clostridium perfringens]], [[Clostridium tetani]]
-*** [[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]
+**Gram-negative coccobacilli
-*** [[Moraxella lacunata]], [[Moraxella nonliquefaciens]], [[Moraxella catarrhalis]]
-*** [[Acinetobacter calcoaceticus]]
+***[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]
+***[[Moraxella lacunata]], [[Moraxella nonliquefaciens]], [[Moraxella catarrhalis]]
-*** [[Pasteurella multocida]]
+***[[Acinetobacter calcoaceticus]]
-** Gram-negative bacilli
+***[[Pasteurella multocida]]
-*** [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Pseudomonas stutzeri]], [[Pseudomonas fluorescens]]
+**Gram-negative bacilli
-*** [[Burkholderia mallei]]
+***[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Pseudomonas stutzeri]], [[Pseudomonas fluorescens]]
-*** [[Proteus mirabilis]]
-*** [[Serratia marcescens]]
+***[[Burkholderia mallei]]
-*** [[Escherichia coli]]
+***[[Proteus mirabilis]]
-*** [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]
+***[[Serratia marcescens]]
-*** [[Morganella morganii]]
+***[[Escherichia coli]]
-*** [[Aeromonas hydrophila]]
+***[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]
-*** [[Bartonella henselae]]
+***[[Morganella morganii]]
+***[[Aeromonas hydrophila]]
-** Other bacteria
-*** [[Chlamydia trachomatis]]
+***[[Bartonella henselae]]
+**Other bacteria
-*** [[Treponema pallidum]], mostly in congenital syphilis and presents in adolescence
-*** [[Borrelia burgdorferi]]
+***[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]
+***[[Treponema pallidum]], mostly in congenital syphilis and presents in adolescence
-*** [[Nocardia species]], associated with surgery
+***[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]
-* Mycobacteria
+***[[Nocardia species]], associated with surgery
-** [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
+*Mycobacteria
-** [[Mycobacterium chelonae]], th most common NTM, which are associated with surgery
-** [[Mycobacterium gordonae]]
+**[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
-** [[Mycobacterium mycogenicum]]
+**[[Mycobacterium chelonae]], th most common NTM, which are associated with surgery
+**[[Mycobacterium gordonae]]
-* Viruses
+**[[Mycobacterium mycogenicum]]
-** [[Herpes simplex virus]], the most common viral cause
+*Viruses
-** [[Varicella-zoster virus]], which can occur before, during, or after a zoster eruption
+**'''[[Herpes simplex virus]], the most common viral cause'''
-** [[Adenovirus]]
+**[[Varicella-zoster virus]], which can occur before, during, or after a zoster eruption
-** [[Vaccinia virus]]
-** [[Epstein-Barr virus]]
+**[[Adenovirus]]
-** [[Measles virus]]
+**[[Vaccinia virus]]
-** [[Enterovirus]]
+**[[Epstein-Barr virus]]
-** [[Coxsackievirus]]
+**[[Measles virus]]
+**[[Enterovirus]]
-* Fungi
+**[[Coxsackievirus]]
-** [[Fusarium species]], the most common fungal cause
+*Fungi
-** [[Candida species]]
-** [[Aspergillus species]]
+**[[Fusarium species]], the most common fungal cause
-** [[Acremonium species]]
+**[[Candida species]]
-** [[Alternaria species]]
+**[[Aspergillus species]]
-** [[Penicillium species]]
+**[[Acremonium species]]
-** [[Bipolaris species]]
+**[[Alternaria species]]
-** [[Nosema species]]
+**[[Penicillium species]]
-** [[Vitaforma corneae]]
+**[[Bipolaris species]]
-** [[Encephalitozoon species]]
+**[[Nosema species]]
+**[[Vitaforma corneae]]
-* Parasites
+**[[Encephalitozoon species]]
-** [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]], [[Acanthamoeba castellanii]], associated with contact lenses
+*Parasites
-** [[Onchocerca volvulus]]
+**[[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]], [[Acanthamoeba castellanii]], associated with contact lenses
-** [[Leishmania brasiliensis]]
-** [[Trypanosoma species]]
+**[[Onchocerca volvulus]]
+**[[Leishmania brasiliensis]]
-* Non-infectious causes
+**[[Trypanosoma species]]
+*Non-infectious causes
-== Clinical Manifestations ==
+==Clinical Manifestations==
-* Red, painful eye with foreign body sensation
+*Red, painful eye with foreign body sensation
-* Decreased visual acuity
+*Decreased visual acuity
-* Tearing ± purulent discharge (depending on etiology)
+*Tearing ± purulent discharge (depending on etiology)
-* Corneal edema
+*Corneal edema
-* Fluorescein dye may help visualize corneal ulcerations
+*Fluorescein dye may help visualize corneal ulcerations
 [[Category:Ophthalmology]]