Hyperkalemia: Difference between revisions
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− | == |
+ | == Background == |
* Serum potassium above 5mmol/L |
* Serum potassium above 5mmol/L |
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− | == Pathophysiology == |
+ | === Pathophysiology === |
* 98% of total body potassium is intracellular |
* 98% of total body potassium is intracellular |
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* Normally excreted in the urine |
* Normally excreted in the urine |
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** Aldosterone stimulates ENAC channels and Na-K channels |
** Aldosterone stimulates ENAC channels and Na-K channels |
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+ | |||
+ | == Clinical Manifestations == |
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== Differential Diagnosis == |
== Differential Diagnosis == |
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* Decreased excretion |
* Decreased excretion |
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** Decreased aldosterone |
** Decreased aldosterone |
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− | *** Primary adrenal insufficiency |
+ | *** [[Primary adrenal insufficiency]] |
*** Secondary adrenal insufficiency |
*** Secondary adrenal insufficiency |
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− | **** ACE inhibitors |
+ | **** [[ACE inhibitors]] |
− | **** Angiotensin |
+ | **** [[Angiotensin receptor blockers]] |
− | **** Renin inhibitors |
+ | **** [[Renin inhibitors]] |
− | **** NSAIDs |
+ | **** [[NSAIDs]] |
− | **** Congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
+ | **** [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] |
** Decreased aldosterone responsiveness |
** Decreased aldosterone responsiveness |
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− | *** Spironolactone |
+ | *** [[Spironolactone]] |
− | *** Amiloride |
+ | *** [[Amiloride]] |
** Decreased sodium delivery to kidneys |
** Decreased sodium delivery to kidneys |
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− | *** Hypovolemia |
+ | *** [[Hypovolemia]] |
− | *** Heart failure |
+ | *** [[Heart failure]] |
− | *** Cirrhosis |
+ | *** [[Cirrhosis]] |
− | *** Nephrotic syndrome |
+ | *** [[Nephrotic syndrome]] |
* Increased intake |
* Increased intake |
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** Iatrogenic |
** Iatrogenic |
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* Shifts |
* Shifts |
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− | ** Rhabdomyolysis |
+ | ** [[Rhabdomyolysis]] |
− | ** Tumour lysis syndrome |
+ | ** [[Tumour lysis syndrome]] |
− | ** Acidosis |
+ | ** [[Acidosis]] |
** Drugs |
** Drugs |
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− | *** Hypoinsulinemia |
+ | *** [[Hypoinsulinemia]] |
− | *** Beta blockers |
+ | *** [[Beta blockers]] |
− | *** Digoxin |
+ | *** [[Digoxin]] |
− | *** Succinylcholine |
+ | *** [[Succinylcholine]] |
− | ** Hemolysis |
+ | ** [[Hemolysis]] |
− | ** Anemia |
+ | ** [[Anemia]] |
** Increased plasma osmolality |
** Increased plasma osmolality |
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* Factitious |
* Factitious |
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** Hemolysed samples |
** Hemolysed samples |
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** Increased white cell count |
** Increased white cell count |
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− | *** Chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
+ | *** [[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]] |
** Increased platelets |
** Increased platelets |
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− | == Complications == |
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− | |||
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== Management == |
== Management == |
Latest revision as of 13:27, 14 June 2021
Background
- Serum potassium above 5mmol/L
Pathophysiology
- 98% of total body potassium is intracellular
- Gradient maintained by
- Na-K antiporters (3Na:2K)
- H-K antiporter
- Normally excreted in the urine
- Aldosterone stimulates ENAC channels and Na-K channels
Clinical Manifestations
- Arrythmias
- Muscle paralysis (tetany)
Differential Diagnosis
- Decreased excretion
- Decreased aldosterone
- Primary adrenal insufficiency
- Secondary adrenal insufficiency
- Decreased aldosterone responsiveness
- Decreased sodium delivery to kidneys
- Decreased aldosterone
- Increased intake
- Iatrogenic
- Shifts
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Tumour lysis syndrome
- Acidosis
- Drugs
- Hemolysis
- Anemia
- Increased plasma osmolality
- Factitious
- Hemolysed samples
- Increased white cell count
- Increased platelets
Management
- EKG
- Repeat serum potassium
- Pharmacologic treatment indicated if EKG changes
- Stabilize
- Calcium gluconate 1g IV push q30min prn EKG changes
- Lasts 30-60 minutes
- Repeat EKG in 30 minutes, then can give another 1g
- Calcium gluconate 1g IV push q30min prn EKG changes
- Shift
- Insulin R 10 unites in 1 amp D50W
- Albuterol 8-10 puffs
- Bicarbonate
- No evidence of benefit and increases serum sodium
- Excrete
- Kayexalate and lactulose
- Takes 2-3 days to work
- Normal saline
- If not hypovolemic and not on ACEi or ARB, furosemide
- If refractory to medical management, dialysis
- Kayexalate and lactulose