Ebola virus: Difference between revisions

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==Background==
==Background==


=== Microbiology ===
===Microbiology===


*Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus in the [[Filoviridae]] family
*Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus in the [[Filoviridae]] family
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**TaΓ― Forest (or Cote d'Ivoire) ebolavirus (TAFV)
**TaΓ― Forest (or Cote d'Ivoire) ebolavirus (TAFV)


=== Epidemiology ===
===Epidemiology===


* Essentially located exclusively in west Africa
*Essentially located exclusively in west Africa
* Outbreaks occur where there is food insecurity (with resultant hunting for bush meat), increased population density, and insufficient public health infrastructure
*Outbreaks occur where there is food insecurity (with resultant hunting for bush meat), increased population density, and insufficient public health infrastructure


==Clinical Manifestations==
==Clinical Manifestations==
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*Hiccups associated with increased mortality
*Hiccups associated with increased mortality


== Diagnosis ==
==Diagnosis==


* Ensure to notify the lab before sending samples, and contact Public Health for instructions
*Ensure to notify the lab before sending samples, and contact Public Health for instructions
** [[Biosafety risk groups|Biosafety level 4 agent]]
**[[Biosafety risk groups|Biosafety level 4 agent]]
* qPCR at the Public Health Laboratory Ontario, but only for Zaire ebolavirus
*qPCR at the Public Health Laboratory Ontario, but only for Zaire ebolavirus
* Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory does RT-PCR, viral isolation, and serology
*Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory does RT-PCR, viral isolation, and serology


== Management ==
==Management==


* Supportive care alone can decrease mortality to 20-30%
*Supportive care alone can decrease mortality to 20-30%
* Monoclonal antibodies
*Monoclonal antibodies
** REGN-EB3 (6% mortality)
**REGN-EB3 (6% mortality)
** mAb-114 (11% mortality)
**mAb-114 (11% mortality)
** Zmapp (24% mortality)
**Zmapp (24% mortality)
* Medications
*Medications
** [[Remdesivir]] (33% mortality)
**[[Remdesivir]] (33% mortality)


== Prevention ==
==Prevention==


=== Vaccination ===
* Vaccination with a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus that has its glycoprotein replaced by Ebola virus glycoprotein

** Used in large West African and DRC outbreaks with ring vaccination
*Vaccination with a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus that has its glycoprotein replaced by Ebola virus glycoprotein
** Efficacy 95-100%
**Used in large West African and DRC outbreaks with ring vaccination
** >100,000 doses give
**Efficacy 95-100%
**>100,000 doses give

=== Infection Prevention and Control ===

* Isolate patient
* Droplet precautions and face protection within 1 meter of patient
* Limit hospital staff who have contact


[[Category:Filoviridae]]
[[Category:Filoviridae]]

Revision as of 13:42, 28 August 2020

Background

Microbiology

  • Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus in the Filoviridae family
  • The ebolavirus genus includes five species:
    • Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), the most common
    • Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV)
    • Reston ebolavirus (RESTV)
    • Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV)
    • TaΓ― Forest (or Cote d'Ivoire) ebolavirus (TAFV)

Epidemiology

  • Essentially located exclusively in west Africa
  • Outbreaks occur where there is food insecurity (with resultant hunting for bush meat), increased population density, and insufficient public health infrastructure

Clinical Manifestations

  • Incubation period 2 to 21 days (generally 3 to 13 days)
  • Initially starts as a non-specific influenza-like illness with fever, fatigue, myalgias, weakness, and dizziness
  • Followed by multiorgan involvement and hemorrhagic manifestations (30-50%)
  • EBOV can persist after resolution of symptoms in privileged sites: the eyes, CNS, male reproductive tract, and mammary glands
  • Relapse can occur as uveitis or meningitis
  • Death usually within 6 to 16 days of symptom onset

Prognosis and Complications

  • 40 to 70% mortality, depending mostly on supportive care
  • Hiccups associated with increased mortality

Diagnosis

  • Ensure to notify the lab before sending samples, and contact Public Health for instructions
  • qPCR at the Public Health Laboratory Ontario, but only for Zaire ebolavirus
  • Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory does RT-PCR, viral isolation, and serology

Management

  • Supportive care alone can decrease mortality to 20-30%
  • Monoclonal antibodies
    • REGN-EB3 (6% mortality)
    • mAb-114 (11% mortality)
    • Zmapp (24% mortality)
  • Medications

Prevention

Vaccination

  • Vaccination with a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus that has its glycoprotein replaced by Ebola virus glycoprotein
    • Used in large West African and DRC outbreaks with ring vaccination
    • Efficacy 95-100%
    • >100,000 doses give

Infection Prevention and Control

  • Isolate patient
  • Droplet precautions and face protection within 1 meter of patient
  • Limit hospital staff who have contact