Ebola virus: Difference between revisions

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===Microbiology===
 
===Microbiology===
   
*Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus in the [[Filoviridae]] family
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*Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus in the [[Filoviridae]] family, related to [[Marburg virus]] and [[Cueva virus]]
 
*The ebolavirus genus includes five species:
 
*The ebolavirus genus includes five species:
 
**Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), the most common
 
**Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), the most common
 
**Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV)
 
**Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV)
**Reston ebolavirus (RESTV)
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**Reston ebolavirus (RESTV), which does not cause disease in humans
 
**Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV)
 
**Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV)
 
**Taï Forest (or Cote d'Ivoire) ebolavirus (TAFV)
 
**Taï Forest (or Cote d'Ivoire) ebolavirus (TAFV)
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*Essentially located exclusively in west Africa
 
*Essentially located exclusively in west Africa
 
*Outbreaks occur where there is food insecurity (with resultant hunting for bush meat), increased population density, and insufficient public health infrastructure
 
*Outbreaks occur where there is food insecurity (with resultant hunting for bush meat), increased population density, and insufficient public health infrastructure
  +
*Human-to-human transmission occurs via exposure to contaminated blood or fluids, including providing care to infected family or patient and preparing an infected body for funeral
  +
*Mainly infectious during symptoms, which corresponds to viremia
   
 
==Clinical Manifestations==
 
==Clinical Manifestations==
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==Prevention==
 
==Prevention==
   
=== Vaccination ===
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===Vaccination===
   
 
*Vaccination with a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus that has its glycoprotein replaced by Ebola virus glycoprotein
 
*Vaccination with a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus that has its glycoprotein replaced by Ebola virus glycoprotein
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**>100,000 doses give
 
**>100,000 doses give
   
=== Infection Prevention and Control ===
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===Infection Prevention and Control===
   
* Isolate patient
+
*Isolate patient
* Droplet precautions and face protection within 1 meter of patient
+
*Droplet precautions and face protection within 1 meter of patient
* Limit hospital staff who have contact
+
*Limit hospital staff who have contact
   
 
[[Category:Filoviridae]]
 
[[Category:Filoviridae]]

Latest revision as of 08:53, 29 August 2020

Background

Microbiology

  • Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus in the Filoviridae family, related to Marburg virus and Cueva virus
  • The ebolavirus genus includes five species:
    • Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), the most common
    • Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV)
    • Reston ebolavirus (RESTV), which does not cause disease in humans
    • Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV)
    • Taï Forest (or Cote d'Ivoire) ebolavirus (TAFV)

Epidemiology

  • Essentially located exclusively in west Africa
  • Outbreaks occur where there is food insecurity (with resultant hunting for bush meat), increased population density, and insufficient public health infrastructure
  • Human-to-human transmission occurs via exposure to contaminated blood or fluids, including providing care to infected family or patient and preparing an infected body for funeral
  • Mainly infectious during symptoms, which corresponds to viremia

Clinical Manifestations

  • Incubation period 2 to 21 days (generally 3 to 13 days)
  • Initially starts as a non-specific influenza-like illness with fever, fatigue, myalgias, weakness, and dizziness
  • Followed by multiorgan involvement and hemorrhagic manifestations (30-50%)
  • EBOV can persist after resolution of symptoms in privileged sites: the eyes, CNS, male reproductive tract, and mammary glands
  • Relapse can occur as uveitis or meningitis
  • Death usually within 6 to 16 days of symptom onset

Prognosis and Complications

  • 40 to 70% mortality, depending mostly on supportive care
  • Hiccups associated with increased mortality

Diagnosis

  • Ensure to notify the lab before sending samples, and contact Public Health for instructions
  • qPCR at the Public Health Laboratory Ontario, but only for Zaire ebolavirus
  • Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory does RT-PCR, viral isolation, and serology

Management

  • Supportive care alone can decrease mortality to 20-30%
  • Monoclonal antibodies
    • REGN-EB3 (6% mortality)
    • mAb-114 (11% mortality)
    • Zmapp (24% mortality)
  • Medications

Prevention

Vaccination

  • Vaccination with a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus that has its glycoprotein replaced by Ebola virus glycoprotein
    • Used in large West African and DRC outbreaks with ring vaccination
    • Efficacy 95-100%
    • >100,000 doses give

Infection Prevention and Control

  • Isolate patient
  • Droplet precautions and face protection within 1 meter of patient
  • Limit hospital staff who have contact