Dystonia

Background

• A movement disorder characterized by intermittent or sustained abnormal movements or postures

Etiologies

• Inherited or genetic: many, many causes
• Idiopathic
• Secondary or acquired
  • Perinatal brain injury
  • Stroke from ischemia, hemorrhage, or AVM
  • Acquired brain injury from trauma, surgery, or electrocution
  • Medications
    • Antihistamines
    • Antimalarials including chloroquine
    • Antiseizure medications
    • CCBs
    • Cholinergic
    • Disulfiram
    • Dopamine agonists
    • Dopamine depleting medications
    • Antipsychotics, particularly first-generation antipsychotics like haloperidol and thioridazine
    • Metoclopramide and prochlorperazine
    • Levodopa
    • Lithium
    • SSRIs
    • Stimulants including methylphenidate
    • TCAs
  • Infection: encephalitis lethargica, HIV, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis from measles, syphilis, tuberculosis, viral encephalitis
  • Toxins: 3-NPA, MDMA, ampheatmines, carbon disulfide, carbon monoxide, cobalt, cocaine, cyanide, manganese, mercury, methamphetamine, methanol, methcanthinone, organophosphate
  • Functional neurological disorder