Ebola virus

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Background

Microbiology

  • Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus in the Filoviridae family, related to Marburg virus and Cueva virus
  • The ebolavirus genus includes five species:
    • Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), the most common
    • Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV)
    • Reston ebolavirus (RESTV), which does not cause disease in humans
    • Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV)
    • Taï Forest (or Cote d'Ivoire) ebolavirus (TAFV)

Epidemiology

  • Essentially located exclusively in west Africa
  • Outbreaks occur where there is food insecurity (with resultant hunting for bush meat), increased population density, and insufficient public health infrastructure
  • Human-to-human transmission occurs via exposure to contaminated blood or fluids, including providing care to infected family or patient and preparing an infected body for funeral
  • Mainly infectious during symptoms, which corresponds to viremia

Clinical Manifestations

  • Incubation period 2 to 21 days (generally 3 to 13 days)
  • Initially starts as a non-specific influenza-like illness with fever, fatigue, myalgias, weakness, and dizziness
  • Followed by multiorgan involvement and hemorrhagic manifestations (30-50%)
  • EBOV can persist after resolution of symptoms in privileged sites: the eyes, CNS, male reproductive tract, and mammary glands
  • Relapse can occur as uveitis or meningitis
  • Death usually within 6 to 16 days of symptom onset

Prognosis and Complications

  • 40 to 70% mortality, depending mostly on supportive care
  • Hiccups associated with increased mortality

Diagnosis

  • Ensure to notify the lab before sending samples, and contact Public Health for instructions
  • qPCR at the Public Health Laboratory Ontario, but only for Zaire ebolavirus
  • Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory does RT-PCR, viral isolation, and serology

Management

  • Supportive care alone can decrease mortality to 20-30%
  • Monoclonal antibodies
    • REGN-EB3 (6% mortality)
    • mAb-114 (11% mortality)
    • Zmapp (24% mortality)
  • Medications

Prevention

Vaccination

  • Vaccination with a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus that has its glycoprotein replaced by Ebola virus glycoprotein
    • Used in large West African and DRC outbreaks with ring vaccination
    • Efficacy 95-100%
    • >100,000 doses give

Infection Prevention and Control

  • Isolate patient
  • Droplet precautions and face protection within 1 meter of patient
  • Limit hospital staff who have contact