Frostbite

Clinical Manifestations

Classification

• Grade 1: no cyanosis, which predicts good prognosis without amputation.
• Grade 2: cyanosis isolated to the distal phalanx, which predicts soft-tissue emputation +/- nail sequalae.
• Grade 3: cyanosis of the intermediate and proximal phalanx, which predicts bone amputation of the digit and functional sequelae.
• Grade 4: cyanosis over the carpal or tarsal bones, which predicts bone amputation of the limb with functional sequelae.