Ventilator-associated pneumonia

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Definition

Pneumonia that develops at least 48 hours after starting invasive ventilation

Etiology

Early (within 4 days)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus
- Enteric Gram-negative bacilli
- Escherichia coli
- Klebsiella pneumiae
- Enterobacter spp.
- Proteus spp.
- Serratia marcescens
Late (after 4 days)
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- Acinetobacter
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- ESBL bacteria

Clinical Presentation

Intubation
Fever, leukocytosis, purulent secretions

Investigations

CXR
Sputum culture

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