Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Microbiology

- Halophilic (salt-loving) marine pleomorphic Gram-negative rod that causes foodborne diarrhea

Pathophysiology

- Has the capacity to produce an enterotoxin that causes small bowel inflammation

   - Two hemolysins, thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TGH-related hemolysin (TRH)

- Strains without TDH or TRH are usually mild - Likely has a different mechanism of action thatn *V. cholera* for causing diarrhea

Epidemiology

- Major cause of acute diarrhea in Japan, but also found in east Asia and southern US - Ubiquitous in coastal waters, especially in warmer seasons - Generally acquired by consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, especially raw oysters - Serotype O3:K6 is an important cause of outbreaks, and is the current pandemic strain

Clinical Presentation

- Causes acute diarrhea, ranging from mild watery diarrhea to dysentery - Usually, cramping and abdominal pain with low-grade fever and headache - Rarely can cause soft tissue infections and bacteremia

Management

- Usually self-limited - Can use doxycycline or fluoroquinolone to shorten the duration of diarrhea