Renal biopsy

Contraindications

• Small hyperechoic kidneys (less than 9 cm), which are generally indicative of chronic irreversible disease
• Solitary native kidney
• Multiple, bilateral cysts or a renal tumor
• Uncorrectable bleeding diathesis
• Severe hypertension, which cannot be controlled with antihypertensive medications
• Hydronephrosis
• Active renal or perirenal infection
• Anatomic abnormalities of the kidney which may increase risk (see above)
• Skin infection over the biopsy site
• An uncooperative patient