Obligate anaerobes: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 15:06, 20 September 2024

Microbiology

Colonizes skin and mucosal surfaces
Difficult to grow

Organisms

Gram-negative
- Bacilli
  - Bacteroides fragilis group:
  - Other Bacteroides spp.: Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides ureolyticus
  - Prevotella
    - Pigmented: P. melaninogenica, P. intermedia, P. denticola, P. loescheii, P. corporis, P. nigrescens
    - Non-pigmented: P. oris, P. buccae, P. oralis group (P. oralis, P. buccalis, P. veroralis), P. bivia, P. disiens
  - Porphyromonas: P. asaccharolytica, P. gingivalis, P. endodontalis
  - Fusobacterium: F. nucleatum, F. necrophorum, F. gonidiaformans, F. naviforme, F. mortiferum, F. verium
  - Bilophila: Bilophila wadsworthia
  - Sutterella
- Cocci
  - Veillonella
Gram-positive
- Cocci
- Bacilli (spore-forming)
  - Clostridium: C. perfringens, C. ramosum, C. septicum, C. novyi, C. histolytica, C. sporogenes, C. bifermentans, C. butyricum, C. innocuum, C. sordellii, C. botulinum, C. tetani
  - Clostridioides difficile
- Bacilli (non-spore-forming)
  - Propionibacterium: P. acnes, P. propionicum, P. granulosum
  - Eubacterium tentum
  - Bifidobacterium: B. eriksonii, B. dentium
  - Actinomyces: A. israelii, A. naestundii, A. viscosus, A. odontolyticus, A. meyerii

Management

Ampicillin or penicillin (for Gram-positive anaerobes)
β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations
Cephamycins (e.g. cefoxitin)
Carbapenems
Clindamycin (though increasing resistance)
Metronidazole
Moxifloxacin
Tetracycline

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 *Gram-negative
 **Bacilli
-***[[Bacteroides|''Bacteroides'']]
+***[[Bacteroides fragilis group]]:
-****''B. fragilis'' group: B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. distasonis, B. vulgatus, B. ovatus, B. uniformis
+****[[Bacteroides]]: [[Bacteroides fragilis]], [[Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron]], [[Bacteroides distasonis]], [[Bacteroides ovatus]], [[Bacteroides uniformis]]
+****[[Parabacteroides]]: [[Parabacteroides gordonii]], [[Parabacteroides goldsteinii]], [[Parabacteroides distasonis]], [[Parabacteroides merdae]]
-****Other ''Bacteroides'' spp.: B. gracilis, B. ureolyticus, Bilophila wadsworthia, Sutterella spp
+****[[Phocaeicola]]: [[Phocaeicola vulgatus]], [[Phocaeicola dorei]]
-***[[Prevotella species|''Prevotella'']]
+***Other [[Bacteroides]] spp.: [[Bacteroides gracilis]], [[Bacteroides ureolyticus]]
-****Pigmented: ''P. melaninogenica'', ''P. intermedia'', ''P. denticola'', ''P. loescheii'', ''P. corporis'', ''P. nigrescens''
+***[[Prevotella species|Prevotella]]
-****Non-pigmented: ''P. oris'', ''P. buccae'', ''P. oralis'' group (''P. oralis'', ''P. buccalis'', ''P. veroralis''), ''P. bivia'', ''P. disiens''
+****Pigmented: P. melaninogenica, P. intermedia, P. denticola, P. loescheii, P. corporis, P. nigrescens
-***[[Porphyromonas species|''Porphyromonas'']]: ''P. asaccharolytica'', ''P. gingivalis'', ''P. endodontalis''
+****Non-pigmented: P. oris, P. buccae, P. oralis group (P. oralis, P. buccalis, P. veroralis), P. bivia, P. disiens
-***[[Fusobacterium species|''Fusobacterium'']]: ''F. nucleatum'', ''F. necrophorum'', ''F. gonidiaformans'', ''F. naviforme'', ''F. mortiferum'', ''F. verium''
+***[[Porphyromonas species|Porphyromonas]]: P. asaccharolytica, P. gingivalis, P. endodontalis
-***[[Bilophila species|''Bilophila'']]
+***[[Fusobacterium species|Fusobacterium]]: F. nucleatum, F. necrophorum, F. gonidiaformans, F. naviforme, F. mortiferum, F. verium
-***[[Sutterella species|''Sutterella'']]
+***[[Bilophila species|Bilophila]]: [[Bilophila wadsworthia]]
+***[[Sutterella species|Sutterella]]
 **Cocci
-***[[Veillonella species|''Veillonella'']]
+***[[Veillonella species|Veillonella]]
 *Gram-positive
 **Cocci
-***''[[Peptostreptococcus]]'' spp.: ''P. magnus'', ''P. asaccharolyticus'', ''P. prevotii'', ''P. intermedius'', ''P. anaerobius'', ''P. micros''
+***[[Peptostreptococcus]]: [[Peptostreptococcus anaerobius]]
+***[[Finegoldia]]
+***[[Anaerococcus]]
+***[[Peptoniphilus]]
+***[[Parvimonas]]: [[Parvimonas micra]]
+***Others: [[Murdochiella]], [[Atopobium]], [[Anaerosphaera]]
 **Bacilli (spore-forming)
-***[[Clostridium species|''Clostridium'']]: ''C. perfringens'', ''C. ramosum'', ''C. septicum'', ''C. novyi'', ''C. histolytica'', ''C. sporogenes'', ''C. difficile'', ''C. bifermentans'', ''C. butyricum'', ''C. innocuum'', ''C. sordellii'', ''C. botulinum'', ''C. tetani''
+***[[Clostridium species|Clostridium]]: C. perfringens, C. ramosum, C. septicum, C. novyi, C. histolytica, C. sporogenes, C. bifermentans, C. butyricum, C. innocuum, C. sordellii, C. botulinum, C. tetani
+***[[Clostridioides difficile]]
 **Bacilli (non-spore-forming)
-***[[Propionibacterium species|''Propionibacterium'']]: ''[[P. acnes]]'', ''P. propionicum'', ''P. granulosum''
+***[[Propionibacterium species|Propionibacterium]]: [[P. acnes]], P. propionicum, P. granulosum
-***''[[Eubacterium tentum]]''
+***[[Eubacterium tentum]]
-***[[Bifidobacterium species|''Bifidobacterium'']]: ''B. eriksonii'', ''B. dentium''
+***[[Bifidobacterium species|Bifidobacterium]]: B. eriksonii, B. dentium
-***[[Actinomyces species|''Actinomyces'']]: ''A. israelii'', ''A. naestundii'', ''A. viscosus'', ''A. odontolyticus'', ''A. meyerii''
+***[[Actinomyces species|Actinomyces]]: A. israelii, A. naestundii, A. viscosus, A. odontolyticus, A. meyerii
 ==Management==
 *[[Is treated by::Ampicillin]] or [[Is treated by::penicillin]] (for Gram-positive anaerobes)
-*β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations,
+*β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations
 *Cephamycins (e.g. [[Is treated by::cefoxitin]])
-*[[Is treated by::carbapenems]]
+*[[Is treated by::Carbapenems]]
-*[[Is treated by::clindamycin]] (though increasing resistance)
+*[[Is treated by::Clindamycin]] (though increasing resistance)
-*[[Is treated by::metronidazole]]
+*[[Is treated by::Metronidazole]]
-*[[Is treated by::moxifloxacin]]
+*[[Is treated by::Moxifloxacin]]
-*[[Is treated by::tetracycline]]
+*[[Is treated by::Tetracycline]]
 ==Further Reading==