Obligate anaerobes: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 15:06, 20 September 2024

Microbiology

Colonizes skin and mucosal surfaces
Difficult to grow

Organisms

Gram-negative
- Bacilli
  - Bacteroides fragilis group:
  - Other Bacteroides spp.: Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides ureolyticus
  - Prevotella
    - Pigmented: P. melaninogenica, P. intermedia, P. denticola, P. loescheii, P. corporis, P. nigrescens
    - Non-pigmented: P. oris, P. buccae, P. oralis group (P. oralis, P. buccalis, P. veroralis), P. bivia, P. disiens
  - Porphyromonas: P. asaccharolytica, P. gingivalis, P. endodontalis
  - Fusobacterium: F. nucleatum, F. necrophorum, F. gonidiaformans, F. naviforme, F. mortiferum, F. verium
  - Bilophila: Bilophila wadsworthia
  - Sutterella
- Cocci
  - Veillonella
Gram-positive
- Cocci
- Bacilli (spore-forming)
  - Clostridium: C. perfringens, C. ramosum, C. septicum, C. novyi, C. histolytica, C. sporogenes, C. bifermentans, C. butyricum, C. innocuum, C. sordellii, C. botulinum, C. tetani
  - Clostridioides difficile
- Bacilli (non-spore-forming)
  - Propionibacterium: P. acnes, P. propionicum, P. granulosum
  - Eubacterium tentum
  - Bifidobacterium: B. eriksonii, B. dentium
  - Actinomyces: A. israelii, A. naestundii, A. viscosus, A. odontolyticus, A. meyerii

Management

Ampicillin or penicillin (for Gram-positive anaerobes)
β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations
Cephamycins (e.g. cefoxitin)
Carbapenems
Clindamycin (though increasing resistance)
Metronidazole
Moxifloxacin
Tetracycline

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Microbiology ==
+==Microbiology==
-* Colonizes skin and mucosal surfaces
+*Colonizes skin and mucosal surfaces
-* Difficult to grow
+*Difficult to grow
-== Organisms ==
+==Organisms==
-* Gram-negative
+*Gram-negative
-** Bacilli
+**Bacilli
-*** ''[[Bacteroides]]'' spp.
+***[[Bacteroides fragilis group]]:
-**** ''B. fragilis'' group: B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. distasonis, B. vulgatus, B. ovatus, B. uniformis
+****[[Bacteroides]]: [[Bacteroides fragilis]], [[Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron]], [[Bacteroides distasonis]], [[Bacteroides ovatus]], [[Bacteroides uniformis]]
+****[[Parabacteroides]]: [[Parabacteroides gordonii]], [[Parabacteroides goldsteinii]], [[Parabacteroides distasonis]], [[Parabacteroides merdae]]
-**** Other ''Bacteroides'' spp.: B. gracilis, B. ureolyticus, Bilophila wadsworthia, Sutterella spp
+****[[Phocaeicola]]: [[Phocaeicola vulgatus]], [[Phocaeicola dorei]]
-*** ''Prevotella'' spp.
+***Other [[Bacteroides]] spp.: [[Bacteroides gracilis]], [[Bacteroides ureolyticus]]
-**** Pigmented: ''P. melaninogenica'', ''P. intermedia'', ''P. denticola'', ''P. loescheii'', ''P. corporis'', ''P. nigrescens''
+***[[Prevotella species|Prevotella]]
-**** Non-pigmented: ''P. oris'', ''P. buccae'', ''P. oralis'' group (''P. oralis'', ''P. buccalis'', ''P. veroralis''), ''P. bivia'', ''P. disiens''
+****Pigmented: P. melaninogenica, P. intermedia, P. denticola, P. loescheii, P. corporis, P. nigrescens
-*** ''Porphyromonas'' spp.: ''P. asaccharolytica'', ''P. gingivalis'', ''P. endodontalis''
+****Non-pigmented: P. oris, P. buccae, P. oralis group (P. oralis, P. buccalis, P. veroralis), P. bivia, P. disiens
-*** ''[[Fusobacterium]]'' spp.: ''F. nucleatum'', ''F. necrophorum'', ''F. gonidiaformans'', ''F. naviforme'', ''F. mortiferum'', ''F. verium''
+***[[Porphyromonas species|Porphyromonas]]: P. asaccharolytica, P. gingivalis, P. endodontalis
-*** ''Bilophila'' spp.
+***[[Fusobacterium species|Fusobacterium]]: F. nucleatum, F. necrophorum, F. gonidiaformans, F. naviforme, F. mortiferum, F. verium
-*** ''Sutterella'' spp.
+***[[Bilophila species|Bilophila]]: [[Bilophila wadsworthia]]
-** Cocci
+***[[Sutterella species|Sutterella]]
-*** ''Veillonella'' spp.
+**Cocci
-* Gram-positive
+***[[Veillonella species|Veillonella]]
-** Cocci
+*Gram-positive
-*** ''Peptostreptococcus'' spp.: ''P. magnus'', ''P. asaccharolyticus'', ''P. prevotii'', ''P. intermedius'', ''P. anaerobius'', ''P. micros''
+**Cocci
-** Bacilli (spore-forming)
+***[[Peptostreptococcus]]: [[Peptostreptococcus anaerobius]]
-*** ''Clostridium'' spp.: ''C. perfringens'', ''C. ramosum'', ''C. septicum'', ''C. novyi'', ''C. histolytica'', ''C. sporogenes'', ''C. difficile'', ''C. bifermentans'', ''C. butyricum'', ''C. innocuum'', ''C. sordellii'', ''C. botulinum'', ''C. tetani''
+***[[Finegoldia]]
-** Bacilli (non-spore-forming)
+***[[Anaerococcus]]
-*** ''Propionibacterium'' spp.: ''[[P. acnes]]'', ''P. propionicum'', ''P. granulosum''
+***[[Peptoniphilus]]
-*** ''Eubacterium tentum''
+***[[Parvimonas]]: [[Parvimonas micra]]
-*** ''Bifidobacterium'' spp.: ''B. eriksonii'', ''B. dentium''
+***Others: [[Murdochiella]], [[Atopobium]], [[Anaerosphaera]]
-*** ''Actinomyces'' spp.: ''A. israelii'', ''A. naestundii'', ''A. viscosus'', ''A. odontolyticus'', ''A. meyerii''
+**Bacilli (spore-forming)
+***[[Clostridium species|Clostridium]]: C. perfringens, C. ramosum, C. septicum, C. novyi, C. histolytica, C. sporogenes, C. bifermentans, C. butyricum, C. innocuum, C. sordellii, C. botulinum, C. tetani
+***[[Clostridioides difficile]]
+**Bacilli (non-spore-forming)
+***[[Propionibacterium species|Propionibacterium]]: [[P. acnes]], P. propionicum, P. granulosum
+***[[Eubacterium tentum]]
+***[[Bifidobacterium species|Bifidobacterium]]: B. eriksonii, B. dentium
+***[[Actinomyces species|Actinomyces]]: A. israelii, A. naestundii, A. viscosus, A. odontolyticus, A. meyerii
+==Management==
-== Further Reading ==
+*[[Is treated by::Ampicillin]] or [[Is treated by::penicillin]] (for Gram-positive anaerobes)
-* Brook I. Spectrum and treatment of anaerobic infections. ''J Infect Chemother'' (2015). doi: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2015.10.010 10.1016/j.jiac.2015.10.010]
+*β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations
+*Cephamycins (e.g. [[Is treated by::cefoxitin]])
+*[[Is treated by::Carbapenems]]
+*[[Is treated by::Clindamycin]] (though increasing resistance)
+*[[Is treated by::Metronidazole]]
+*[[Is treated by::Moxifloxacin]]
+*[[Is treated by::Tetracycline]]
+==Further Reading==
+*Brook I. Spectrum and treatment of anaerobic infections. ''J Infect Chemother'' (2015). doi: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2015.10.010 10.1016/j.jiac.2015.10.010]
 [[Category:Anaerobes]]