SPICE organisms: Difference between revisions
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| + | == Background == |
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| − | = SPICE organisms = |
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| − | == Definition == |
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== Organisms == |
== Organisms == |
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| − | * |
+ | * [[Serratia]] |
| − | * |
+ | * [[Providencia]] |
| − | * Indole-positive |
+ | * Indole-positive [[Proteus]] (e.g. [[Proteus vulgaris]], but not [[Proteus mirabilis]]) |
| − | * ''Citrobacter'' |
+ | * [[Citrobacter|'''Citrobacter''']] |
| − | ** |
+ | ** [[Citrobacter koseri]] does ''not'' have an AmpC |
| + | * [[Enterobacter cloacae|'''Enterobacter cloacae''']], and now also '''[[Klebsiella aerogenes]]''' (previously ''Enterobacter aerogenes'') |
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| − | * ''Enterobacter cloacae'' |
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Also: |
Also: |
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| − | * |
+ | * [[Hafnia alvei]] |
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| − | * ''Acinetobacter'', though not inducible or AmpC |
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| − | == |
+ | == Management == |
| + | * For [[Enterobacter cloacae]], [[Klebsiella aerogenes]], and [[Citrobacter freundii]], avoid all penicillins and cephalosporins regardless of susceptibility testing |
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| − | * ''Not'' penicillins or cephalosporins, as resistance will develop within a few days |
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| − | * |
+ | **[[Carbapenems]] still work, as do [[aminoglycosides]] |
| + | **[[Cefipime]] still works when MIC ≤2 mcg/mL |
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| + | *For [[Serratia marcescens]], [[Morganella morganii]], and [[Providencia]], treat based on susceptibility testing |
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| + | *Less data for [[Hafnia alvei]], [[Citrobacter youngae]], and [[Yersinia enterocolitica]], but reasonable to treat based on susceptibility testing |
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== Further Reading == |
== Further Reading == |
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* Jones R, Baquero F, Privitera G, Inoue M, Widermann B. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00643.x Inducible β-lactamase-mediated resistance to third-generation cephalosporins]. ''Clin Microbio Infect''. 1997;3(1):S7-S20. |
* Jones R, Baquero F, Privitera G, Inoue M, Widermann B. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00643.x Inducible β-lactamase-mediated resistance to third-generation cephalosporins]. ''Clin Microbio Infect''. 1997;3(1):S7-S20. |
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* [https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciz173/5369903 https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciz173/5369903] |
* [https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciz173/5369903 https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciz173/5369903] |
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| + | [[Category:Gram-negative bacilli]] |
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Latest revision as of 13:42, 4 September 2024
Background
- Gram-negative bacteria with inducible or derepressable beta-lactamases, primarily AmpC β-lactamase
Organisms
- Serratia
- Providencia
- Indole-positive Proteus (e.g. Proteus vulgaris, but not Proteus mirabilis)
- Citrobacter
- Citrobacter koseri does not have an AmpC
- Enterobacter cloacae, and now also Klebsiella aerogenes (previously Enterobacter aerogenes)
Also:
Management
- For Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella aerogenes, and Citrobacter freundii, avoid all penicillins and cephalosporins regardless of susceptibility testing
- Carbapenems still work, as do aminoglycosides
- Cefipime still works when MIC ≤2 mcg/mL
- For Serratia marcescens, Morganella morganii, and Providencia, treat based on susceptibility testing
- Less data for Hafnia alvei, Citrobacter youngae, and Yersinia enterocolitica, but reasonable to treat based on susceptibility testing
Further Reading
- Jones R, Baquero F, Privitera G, Inoue M, Widermann B. Inducible β-lactamase-mediated resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. Clin Microbio Infect. 1997;3(1):S7-S20.
- https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciz173/5369903
