https://idwiki.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Hyperkalemia 2026-04-25T23:27:21Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.43.8 https://idwiki.org/index.php?title=Hyperkalemia&diff=7902&oldid=prev 2021-06-14T17:27:23Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:27, 14 June 2021</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Definition</del> ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Background</ins> ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Serum potassium above 5mmol/L</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Serum potassium above 5mmol/L</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Pathophysiology ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=</ins>== Pathophysiology <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=</ins>==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* 98% of total body potassium is intracellular</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* 98% of total body potassium is intracellular</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 11:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 11:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Normally excreted in the urine</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Normally excreted in the urine</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Aldosterone stimulates ENAC channels and Na-K channels</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Aldosterone stimulates ENAC channels and Na-K channels</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Clinical Manifestations ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_20_3_lhs">&#x26AB;</a></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_4_2_rhs"></a>* Arrythmias</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_20_4_lhs">&#x26AB;</a></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_4_3_rhs"></a>** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Bradycardia<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_20_5_lhs">&#x26AB;</a></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_4_4_rhs"></a>** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Asystole<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_20_6_lhs">&#x26AB;</a></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_4_5_rhs"></a>* Muscle paralysis (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>tetany<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>)</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Differential Diagnosis ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Differential Diagnosis ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 16:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 22:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Decreased excretion</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Decreased excretion</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Decreased aldosterone</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Decreased aldosterone</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** Primary adrenal insufficiency</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Primary adrenal insufficiency<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** Secondary adrenal insufficiency</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** Secondary adrenal insufficiency</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**** ACE inhibitors</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>ACE inhibitors<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**** Angiotensin<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</del>receptor blockers</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Angiotensin<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>receptor blockers<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**** Renin inhibitors</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Renin inhibitors<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**** NSAIDs</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>NSAIDs<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**** Congenital adrenal hyperplasia</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Congenital adrenal hyperplasia<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Decreased aldosterone responsiveness</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Decreased aldosterone responsiveness</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** Spironolactone</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Spironolactone<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** Amiloride</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Amiloride<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Decreased sodium delivery to kidneys</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Decreased sodium delivery to kidneys</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** Hypovolemia</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Hypovolemia<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** Heart failure</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Heart failure<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** Cirrhosis</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Cirrhosis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** Nephrotic syndrome</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Nephrotic syndrome<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Increased intake</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Increased intake</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Iatrogenic</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Iatrogenic</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Shifts</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Shifts</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Rhabdomyolysis</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Rhabdomyolysis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Tumour lysis syndrome</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Tumour lysis syndrome<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Acidosis</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Acidosis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Drugs</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Drugs</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** Hypoinsulinemia</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Hypoinsulinemia<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** Beta blockers</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Beta blockers<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** Digoxin</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Digoxin<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** Succinylcholine</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Succinylcholine<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Hemolysis</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Hemolysis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Anemia</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Anemia<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Increased plasma osmolality</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Increased plasma osmolality</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Factitious</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Factitious</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Hemolysed samples</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Hemolysed samples</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Increased white cell count</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Increased white cell count</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** Chronic lymphocytic leukemia</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*** <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Chronic lymphocytic leukemia<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Increased platelets</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** Increased platelets</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Complications ==</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_4_2_rhs">&#x26AB;</a></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_20_3_lhs"></a>* Arrythmias</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_4_3_rhs">&#x26AB;</a></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_20_4_lhs"></a>** Bradycardia</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_4_4_rhs">&#x26AB;</a></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_20_5_lhs"></a>** Asystole</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_4_5_rhs">&#x26AB;</a></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_20_6_lhs"></a>* Muscle paralysis (tetany)</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Management ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Management ==</div></td> </tr> <!-- diff cache key site7_mediawiki:diff:1.41:old-4266:rev-7902:wikidiff2=table:1.13.0:bc2a06be --> </table>

Aidan https://idwiki.org/index.php?title=Hyperkalemia&diff=4266&oldid=prev 2020-07-04T01:17:39Z

<p>Imported from text file</p> <p><b>New page</b></p><div>== Definition ==<br /> <br /> * Serum potassium above 5mmol/L<br /> <br /> == Pathophysiology ==<br /> <br /> * 98% of total body potassium is intracellular<br /> * Gradient maintained by<br /> ** Na-K antiporters (3Na:2K)<br /> ** H-K antiporter<br /> * Normally excreted in the urine<br /> ** Aldosterone stimulates ENAC channels and Na-K channels<br /> <br /> == Differential Diagnosis ==<br /> <br /> * Decreased excretion<br /> ** Decreased aldosterone<br /> *** Primary adrenal insufficiency<br /> *** Secondary adrenal insufficiency<br /> **** ACE inhibitors<br /> **** Angiotensin-receptor blockers<br /> **** Renin inhibitors<br /> **** NSAIDs<br /> **** Congenital adrenal hyperplasia<br /> ** Decreased aldosterone responsiveness<br /> *** Spironolactone<br /> *** Amiloride<br /> ** Decreased sodium delivery to kidneys<br /> *** Hypovolemia<br /> *** Heart failure<br /> *** Cirrhosis<br /> *** Nephrotic syndrome<br /> * Increased intake<br /> ** Iatrogenic<br /> * Shifts<br /> ** Rhabdomyolysis<br /> ** Tumour lysis syndrome<br /> ** Acidosis<br /> ** Drugs<br /> *** Hypoinsulinemia<br /> *** Beta blockers<br /> *** Digoxin<br /> *** Succinylcholine<br /> ** Hemolysis<br /> ** Anemia<br /> ** Increased plasma osmolality<br /> * Factitious<br /> ** Hemolysed samples<br /> ** Increased white cell count<br /> *** Chronic lymphocytic leukemia<br /> ** Increased platelets<br /> <br /> == Complications ==<br /> <br /> * Arrythmias<br /> ** Bradycardia<br /> ** Asystole<br /> * Muscle paralysis (tetany)<br /> <br /> == Management ==<br /> <br /> * EKG<br /> * Repeat serum potassium<br /> * Pharmacologic treatment indicated if EKG changes<br /> * Stabilize<br /> ** Calcium gluconate 1g IV push q30min prn EKG changes<br /> *** Lasts 30-60 minutes<br /> *** Repeat EKG in 30 minutes, then can give another 1g<br /> * Shift<br /> ** Insulin R 10 unites in 1 amp D50W<br /> ** Albuterol 8-10 puffs<br /> ** Bicarbonate<br /> *** No evidence of benefit and increases serum sodium<br /> * Excrete<br /> ** Kayexalate and lactulose<br /> *** Takes 2-3 days to work<br /> ** Normal saline<br /> ** If not hypovolemic and not on ACEi or ARB, furosemide<br /> ** If refractory to medical management, dialysis<br /> <br /> [[Category:Nephrology]]</div>

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