View source for Actinotignum schaalii

==Background==

===Microbiology===

*Small, non-motile, non-spore forming, facultatively anaerobic [[Stain::Gram-positive]] [[Shape::bacillus]]
*Grows slowly on blood agar
*Previously known as ''Actinobaculum schaalii''
*Classified within the family [[Actinomycetaceae]], which also includes [[Arcanobacterium]] and [[Trueperella]]
*Member of the genitourinary microflora

===Epidemiology===

*Occurs most often in patients older than 60 years or in children
*May be more common in patients with preexisting genitourinary conditions, including [[bladder cancer]], [[urinary incontinence]], [[urinary catheterization]], [[BPH]], [[neurogenic bladder]], [[urethral stenosis]], and [[prostate cancer]], as well as in immunocompromised hosts

==Clinical Manifestations==

*Rare, with only a few hundred cases described to date[[CiteRef::lotte2016ac]]
*Mostly causes [[urinary tract infection]] (70% of cases published by 2016), which includes [[cystitis]] or [[prostatitis]] (40%), [[urosepsis]] or [[pyelonephritis]] (29%), [[epididymitis]] (0.5%), and bladder necrosis (0.5%)
*Also causes [[bacteremia]] (19%), [[Abscess|abscesses]] mostly in the groin but also elsewhere (7%), [[cellulitis]] (1.5%), [[discitis]] (1.5%), [[endocarditis]] (0.5%), and [[Fournier gangrene]] (0.5%)

==Management==

*Susceptible to all [[β-lactams]], as well as [[tetracyclines]], [[vancomycin]], [[linezolid]], [[rifampin]], and [[nitrofurantoin]]
*May be susceptible to [[fosfomycin]]
*Can have reduced susceptibility to [[gentamicin]] and can be resistant to [[macrolides]], [[lincosamides]], [[TMP-SMX]], and [[ciprofloxacin]] (though may be susceptible to [[levofloxacin]] and [[moxifloxacin]])

==Further Reading==

*''Actinotignum schaalii'' (formerly ''Actinobaculum schaalii''): a newly recognized pathogen—review of the literature. ''Clin Microbiol Infect''. 2016;22(1):28-36. doi: [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.038 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.038]
*Clinical and microbiological features of ''Actinotignum'' bacteremia: a retrospective observational study of 57 cases. ''Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis''. 2017;36(5):791–796. doi: [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-016-2862-y 10.1007/s10096-016-2862-y]

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Actinotignum schaalii''}}
[[Category:Gram-positive bacilli]]