Burkholderia pseudomallei

Background

• Also called melioidosis or Whitmore's disease

Microbiology

• Oxidase positive, indole negative Gram-negative bacillus with "safety pin" appearance (i.e. bipolar staining)
• Non-hemolytic"Non-hemolytic" is not in the list (alpha-hemolytic, beta-hemolytic, gamma-hemolytic, non-hemolytic) of allowed values for the "Hemolysis pattern" property.
• Colonies start small, smooth, cream-coloured with a metallic sheen, but become dry and wrinkly after 1 to 2 days of incubation
• Inherently resistant to polymixins

Epidemiology

• Humans and animals
• Important cause of death in south-east Asia and northern Australia
  • Up to 80% seroprevalence in Thailand, mostly asymptomatic
  • More cases during the rainy season
  • Sporadic cases elsewhere, including the Middle East, Africa, and the Americas
• May have latent disease with reactivation much later
• Acquired by percutaneous inoculation, inhalation (esp. lab workers), and ingestion
• Risk factors for clinical disease
  • Diabetes
  • Heavy alcohol use
  • Chronic lung disease
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Treatment with glucocorticoids
  • Cancer
  • Thalassemia

Clinical Manifestations

• Incubation period 9 days (range 1 to 21 days)
• Presentations can vary from asymptomatic, skin ulcers, abscesses, latent infection, chronic pneumonia (similar to TB), or fulminant shock12
  • Pneumonia (50%)
  • Genitourinary infection (15%)
  • Skin infection (15%), with ulcers, nodules, or abscesses
  • Primary bacteremia (10%)
  • Septic arthritis/OM (3-5%)
  • Neuro (3-5%)
  • Disseminated infections can involve liver, spleen, lung, and prostate
• About 50% of clinical cases have bacteremia, and 20% of cases will develop septic shock
• Can occasionally lay latent and reactivate decades after exposure

Prognosis and Complications

• 50% mortality even with high-quality care

Diagnosis

• Culture
  • Blood, throat, and urine cultures should be taken from all patients with suspected melioidosis
  • Grows on blood agar, MacConkey, etc. (i.e. not a fastidious organism)
  • Can use selective colistin or polymyxin B, since it is inherently resistant
  • On sheep blood agar, grows as small, smooth, cream-coloured colony with metallic sheen
  • May develop a dry and wrinkled appearance after 1 to 2 days of incubation
• MALDI-ToF may misidentify it as Burkholderia thailandensis, and automated biochemical tests may misidentify it as Chromobacterium violaceum
• Other methods
  • PCR
  • Immunofluorescence and latex agglutination
  • Serology (acute/convalescent)

Management

• Intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics, including colistin, primarily using efflux pumps
• Treat with induction followed by eradication therapy
  • Induction: ceftazidime, imipenem, or meropenem for 10-14 days
  • Eradication: TMP-SMX for 3+ months
• Others: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid

Prevention

Laboratory Safety

• Biosafety risk group 3
• Lab workers can have aerosol exposure if aerosol-generating procedure done outside of a BSC, bite/scratch from infected lab animals, or needlestick/percutaneous exposure
  • Those at higher risk include: not wearing proper PPE, diabetes, chronic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, alcohol abuse, chronic corticosteroid use, hematologic malignancy, neutropenia or neutrophil dysfunction, chronic lung disease, thalassemia, or other immunosuppression
• May need prophylaxis in high-risk patients
  • TMP-SMX or doxycycline or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
  • TMP-SMX DS 2 tablets (>60 kg) or SS 3 tablets (40-60 kg) or DS 1 tablet (<40 kg) PO bid
  • Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 20/5 mg/kg/dose PO tid
  • Duration: 21 days
• Monitor with serology at baseline, weeks 1 2 4 and 6 post-exposure
  • Needs to be sent to CDC via NML